Information hazards are risks that arise from the dissemination or the potential dissemination of true information that may cause harm or enable some agent to cause harm. Find free videos, step-by-step guides, activities and quizzes by level and subject. They can, however, be important. If you do test any of these, what differences do you find? Physics and Biology of Viral Respiratory Disease and of Why Masks Do Not Work In order to understand why masks cannot possibly work, we must review established knowledge about viral respiratory diseases, the mechanism of seasonal variation of excess deaths from pneumonia and influenza, the aerosol mechanism of infectious disease transmission, the physics and chemistry of aerosols, and the mechanism of the so-called minimum-infective-dose. A hazard is anything that may cause harm, such as chemicals, electricity, extreme heat etc. This paper argues that at least one of the following propositions is true: (1) the human species is very likely to go extinct before reaching the posthuman stage; (2) any posthuman civilization is extremely unlikely to run significant number of simulations or (variations) of their evolutionary history; (3) we are almost certainly living in a computer simulation. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of values, (2014). Transhumanism: The World's Most Dangerous Idea? This has implications for what it is to implement a computation and for Chalmer's Fading Qualia thought experiment. [85], In a congressional hearing on May 11, 2021, about Anthony Fauci's role as the Chief Medical Advisor to the United States Office of the President, senator Rand Paul stated that "the U.S. has been collaborating with Shi Zhengli of the Wuhan Virology Institute, sharing discoveries about how to create super viruses. R. Soc. We'll need a modus vivendi, and its becoming urgent to figure out the parameters for that. There is good reason for this. This paper, now a few years old, examines how likely it might be that we will develop superhuman artificial intelligence within the first third of this century. The normally bird-specific virus, through replication over time in the ferrets' lungs, had adopted several amino acid changes that enabled it to replicate in the mammalian lungs, which are notably colder than those found in birds. WebUse BBC Bitesize to help with your homework, revision and learning. He is the author of some 200 publications, including Anthropic Bias (2002), Global Catastrophic Risks (2008), Human Enhancement (2009), and Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (2014), a New York Times bestseller which helped spark a global conversation about the future of AI. Do used and loaded masks become sources of enhanced transmission, for the wearer and others? We are busy here preparing What are the environmental consequences of mask manufacturing and disposal? Are large droplets captured by a mask atomized or aerolized into breathable components? [35] Importantly, the experiments had been conducted before a research pause on H5N1 experiments had been agreed upon by the greater virologist community. Careful observation of the floating needle will show that the water surface is bent down under the weight of the needle, the surface tension causing it to behave as if the needle was supported by a flexible skin. Shows how this limitation can be overcome by using data on planet formation rates. Furthermore, if there were any benefit to wearing a mask, because of the blocking power against droplets and aerosol particles, then there should be more benefit from wearing a respirator (N95) compared to a surgical mask, yet several large meta-analyses, and all the RCT, prove that there is no such relative benefit. (2013) Testing the Efficacy of Homemade Masks: Would They Protect in an Influenza Pandemic?, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, Available on CJO 2013 doi:10.1017/dmp.2013.43 http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1935789313000438, Despres, V. R. et al. WebThe New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (NJAES) is an integral component of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Long article by Ross Andersen about the work of the Future of Humanity Institute, Interview for the meta-charity 80,000 Hours on how to make a maximally positive impact on the world for people contemplating an academic career trajectory. He has also published a series of influential papers, including ones that introduced the simulation argument (2003) and the concept of existential risk (2002). (2010) Mathematical Modeling of the Effectiveness of Facemasks in Reducing the Spread of Novel Influenza A (H1N1), PLoS ONE 5(2): e9018. the types of hosts that a microorganism can infect. Summarizing some of the key issues and offering policy recommendations for a "smart policy" on biomedical methods of enhancing cognitive performance. On anthropic selection theory and the simulation argument. Rather, it has profound health-policy implications, which have been entirely ignored or overlooked in the current coronavirus pandemic. WebRisk should be evaluated during the experimental planning phase prior to work, and as needed over the course of conducting experiments especially when conditions change. Farm management, greenhouse, livestock, equine, landscape, nursery, turf, vegetable crops, fruit, pest management, ornamentals. An advanced Introduction to observation selection theory and its application to the cosmological fine-tuning problem. My actual views are more complex. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0686. [65], In May 2014, the German National Ethics Council presented a report to the Bundestag on proposed guidance for governance of GoFR. The researchers deny that the research was funded by the NIH, and also deny that the experiment qualified as gain-of-function in the first place. (2008) Professional and Home-Made Face Masks Reduce Exposure to Respiratory Infections among the General Population, PLoS ONE 3(7): e2618. Examines the risk from physics experiments and natural events to the local fabric of spacetime. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-1065, Yang, W. et al. [19][20][7][21] In January 2020, the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity convened an expert panel to revisit the rules for gain-of-function research and provide more clarity in how such experiments are approved, and when they should be disclosed to the public. Short letter to the editor on obstacles to the development of better cognitive enhancement drugs. Precautionary Principle Turned on Its Head with Masks In light of the medical research, therefore, it is difficult to understand why public-health authorities are not consistently adamant about this established scientific result, since the distributed psychological, economic, and environmental harm from a broad recommendation to wear masks is significant, not to mention the unknown potential harm from concentration and distribution of pathogens on and from used masks. Support the Reader: Alive & Free Since '93, Contact the advertising department: sales@rcreader.com, Submit events to our calendar: calendar@rcreader.com, Most respiratory viruses are as infective in humans as in tissue culture having optimal laboratory susceptibility, It is believed that a single virion can be enough to induce illness in the host, The 50-percent probability MID (TCID50) has variably been found to be in the range 1001000 virions, There are typically 10 to 3rd power 10 to 7th powervirions per aerolized influenza droplet with diameter 1 m 10 m, The 50-percent probability MID easily fits into a single (one) aerolized droplet. "[89], Several scientists have criticized the US government's GoFR regulations as having serious shortcomings (especially with regards to the NIH's funding of the EcoHealth Alliance grant proposal). Brief paper, critiques a host of bioconservative pundits who believe that enhancing human capacities and extending human healthspan would undermine our dignity. [UPDATE: August 12, 2020 Still No Evidence Justifying Mandatory Masks]. Interface. A vision of the future from the future. This paper discusses some of the ethical and policy issues raised by anticipated technological revolutions, such as nanotechnology. [60], Founders of both groups published a series of letters detailing their discussions and viewpoints. WebProfessional Learning. Do the masks shed fibers or substances that are harmful when inhaled. Co-authored with Milan M. Cirkovic. How do pathogen-laden droplets interact with environmental dust and aerosolscaptured on the mask? et al. [50][51], The statement advocates for all work involving potential pandemic pathogens to be halted until a quantitative and objective assessment of the risks has been undertaken. HHS [54] Under the moratorium, any laboratory who conducted such research would put their future funding (for any project, not just the indicated pathogens) in jeopardy. Analyzes factors that determine level of risk in the Nash equilibrium. ), Masks Dont Work:A Review of Science Relevant to COVID-19 Social Policy, Still No Evidence Justifying Mandatory Masks, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216002, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/face-masks-to-prevent-transmission-of-influenza-virus-a-systematic- review/64D368496EBDE0AFCC6639CCC9D8BC05, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00307.x, https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/65/11/1934/4068747, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2749214, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jebm.12381, An Unprecedented Experiment: Sometimes You Just Gotta Wear the Stupid, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.488.4644&rep=rep1&type=pdf, http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1935789313000438, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2631809/, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00013.x, https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/research-methods/1a- epidemiology/epidemic-theory, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30129-0, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002618, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2843747/, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-1065, https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2010.0686, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-011-9056-7. ", "Summary Report Dual Use Research on Microbes: Biosafety, Biosecurity, Responsibility", "CDC Director Releases After-Action Report on Recent Anthrax Incident; Highlights Steps to Improve Laboratory Quality and Safety", "Report on the Potential Exposure to Anthrax", "Six vials of smallpox discovered in U.S. lab", "Scientists call for limit on creating dangerous pathogens", "The challenge of framing for efforts to mitigate the risks of "dual use" research in the life sciences", "Calls for Caution in Genome Engineering Should Be a Model for Similar Dialogue on Pandemic Pathogen Research", "Moratorium on Research Intended To Create Novel Potential Pandemic Pathogens", "Disparate foundations of scientists' policy positions on contentious biomedical research", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, "Biologists Choose Sides In Safety Debate Over Lab-Made Pathogens", "Gain-of-function experiments: time for a real debate", "Science Magazine - 05 September 2014 - page20", "WHO | Responsible life sciences research for global health security", "Regulating dual-use research: Lessons from Israel and the United States", "Biosecurity freedom and responsibility of research", "The dual use of research ethics committees: why professional self-governance falls short in preserving biosecurity", "U.S. Government Gain-of-Function Deliberative Process and Research Funding Pause on Selected Gain-of-Function Research Involving Influenza, MERS, and SARS Viruses", "White House to Cut Funding for Risky Biological Study", "U.S. halts funding for new risky virus studies, calls for voluntary moratorium", "Zika Virus Focuses the Gain-of-Function Debate", "NIH lifts 3-year ban on funding risky virus studies", "CDC says about 75 scientists may have been exposed to anthrax", "CDC explains mix-up with deadly H5N1 avian flu", "Moratorium on Gain-of-Function Research", "RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE EVALUATION AND OVERSIGHT OF PROPOSED GAIN-OF-FUNCTION RESEARCH", "NIH Lifts Funding Pause on Gain-of-Function Research", "Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model", "Scientists: 'Exactly zero' evidence COVID-19 came from a lab", "SARSCoV2, Covid19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories", "Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics", "Analysis - Fact-checking the Paul-Fauci flap over Wuhan lab funding", "Fauci and Rand Paul clash over NIH funding for Wuhan Institute of Virology", "The Wuhan Lab and the Gain-of-Function Disagreement", "Fight Over Covid's Origins Renews Debate on Risks of Lab Work", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gain-of-function_research&oldid=1118411705, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2021, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, European Academies' Science Advisory Council: Gain of function: experimental applications relating to potentially pandemic pathogens (, This page was last edited on 26 October 2022, at 21:48. For example, see Figure 1 of Viboud (2010), which has Weekly time series of the ratio of deaths from pneumonia and influenza to all deaths, based on the 122 cities surveillance in the US (blue line). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316, Tracht, S. M. et al. WebWatch full episodes, specials and documentaries with National Geographic TV channel online. Email hidden by javascript, enable to view. Rutgers is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. Current cosmological theories say that the world is so big that all possible observations are in fact made. My view is that the Doomsday argument is inconclusivealthough not for any trivial reason. [90], Experiments that have been referred to as "gain-of-function", Gain-of-Function Research: A Second Symposium, National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), COVID-19 misinformation Wuhan lab origin, Chief Medical Advisor to the United States Office of the President, "Gain-of-Function Research: Ethical Analysis", "Recommended Policy Guidance for Departmental Development of Review Mechanisms for Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight (P3CO)", Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, European Academies Science Advisory Council, "Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC) Committee - NIH Office of Intramural Research", United States Department of Health and Human Services, "Emerging Dual-use Technologies in the Life Sciences: Challenges and Policy Recommendations on Export Control SIPRI", "German Ethics Council: Government Should Regulate Dangerous Research", American Association for the Advancement of Science, "United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern", "Biosecurity and the Review and Publication of Dual-Use Research of Concern", "The Deep Dish on Institutional DURC Policy: Calling All Stakeholders! Discusses the Fermi paradox, and explains why I hope we find no signs of life, whether extinct or still thriving, on Mars or anywhere else we look. Full recognition is the highest level of recognition that can be achieved by a CDC-recognized organization. There were no statistically significant differences in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza, laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza-like illness using N95 respirators and surgical masks. An analysis of the global desirability of different forms of openness (including source code, science, data, safety techniques, capabilities, and goals). They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. WebSaccharomyces cerevisiae (/ s r v s i. i /) (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungus microorganisms). Are there negative psychological consequences to wearing a mask, as a fear-basedbehavioral modification? Humans are relatively expensive but absolutely cheap. In this paper, we survey the current state of the art in cognitive enhancement methods and consider their prospects for the near-term future. Other powders may be available to test instead of talcum powder, to see whether the type of powder makes any difference. Practical Chemistry activities accompanyPractical PhysicsandPractical Biology. But you can presumably do only a finite amount of good or bad. Hard water A supply of hard water can be made by stirring solid calcium sulfate into a large volume of tap water, allowing to stand for some time then, after the undissolved solid has settled out, decanting the clear solution into a container suitable for students to collect their samples as required. The present paper about masks illustrates the degree to which governments, the mainstream media, and institutional propagandists can decide to operate in a science vacuum, or select only incomplete science that serves their interests. With your financial support the Reader can continue providing uncensored, non-scripted, and independent journalism alongside the Quad Cities' area's most comprehensive cultural coverage." "We're the River Cities' Reader, and we've kept the Quad Cities' only independently owned newspaper alive and free since 1993. Summary of some of the difficulties that a theory of observation selection effects faces and sketch of a solution. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2010.0686, Yezli, S., Otter, J.A. (By the way, Im also not against AI, in case somebody got that impression.) Risk is greatest where severity of consequence great and there is a high probability that an unwanted incident can occur. (2012) Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 64:1, 15598, DOI: 10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598, Dowell, S. F. (2001) Seasonal variation in host susceptibility and cycles of certain infectious diseases, Emerg Infect Dis. This research is intended to reveal targets to better predict emerging infectious diseases and to develop vaccines and therapeutics. [10] The possibility for developing common approaches between the United States and Europe has been explored. Such recklessness is also certainly the case with the current global lockdown of over 1 billion people, an unprecedented experiment in medical and political history. 2019; 322(9): 824833. ", Response to 2010 Edge Question: "How is the Internet changing the way you think? [68] The German Research Foundation and German National Academy of Sciences made a joint suggestion to expand the role of existing research ethics committees to also evaluate proposals of DURC. None of the studies established a conclusive relationship between mask/respirator use and protection against influenza infection., Smith, J.D. Or could our dignity perhaps be technologically enhanced? Office for Human Research Protections WebWorking on a big writing project (not yet ready to announce). [49], On July 14, 2014, the group published a Consensus Statement authored by 18 founding members, including Amir Attaran, Barry Bloom, Arturo Casadevall, Richard H. Ebright, Alison Galvani, Edward Hammond, Thomas Inglesby, Michael Osterholm, David Relman, Richard Roberts, Marcel Salath and Silja Vneky. (2007) Influenza Virus Transmission Is Dependent on Relative Humidity and Temperature, PLoS Pathog 3(10): e151. On average, 64 per cent of the viral genome copies were associated with fine particles smaller than 2.5 m, which can remain suspended for hours. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-480, Brooke, C. B. et al. Cosmological Constant and the Final Anthropic Hypothesis, Quantity of Experience: Brain-Duplication and Degrees of Consciousness, Crucial Considerations and Wise Philanthropy. Due to the potential effect on the global community at large, the ethical acceptability of such experiments depends on the extent to which it is accepted internationally. With our money back guarantee, our customers have the right to request and get a refund at any stage of their order in case something goes wrong. Other powders may clump into nodules if they are not wetted by the detergent solution. Rasmussen stated that this was unlikely, due to the intense scrutiny and government oversight to which GoFR is subject, and it is improbable that research on hard-to-obtain coronaviruses could occur under the radar. (2019) N95 Respirators vs Medical Masks for Preventing Influenza Among Health Care Personnel: A Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA. Before planning an investigation you need to identify the variables. [3], In virology, gain-of-function research is usually employed with the intention of better understanding current and future pandemics. It has now emerged as a thriving research field, with many smart people writing code and equations and gradually making advances. Have also been doing some thinking on metaethics. The latter (physical loss) seems more plausible to me, since humidity would have a universal physical effect of causing particle/droplet growth and sedimentation, and all tested viral pathogens have essentially the same humidity-driven decay. Furthermore, it is difficult to understand how a virion (of all virus types) in a droplet would be molecularly or structurally attacked or damaged by an increase in ambient humidity. County offices provide all kinds of information and assistance regarding 4-H, agriculture, family and community health sciences, marine science, and natural resources and the environment. Each activity contains comprehensive information for teachers and technicians, including full technical notes and step-by-step procedures. We risk underestimating the risk of catastrophe types that lie in this shadow. Why I hope the search for extraterrestrial life finds nothing, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority, Technological Revolutions: Ethics and Policy in the Dark, Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards, Information Hazards: A Typology of Potential Harms from Knowledge. Follow these Thanksgiving food safety tips. I argue against both the traditional views on this problem and propose a new synthetic approach. Face mask use in HCW was not demonstrated to provide benefit in terms of cold symptoms or getting colds. Working on a big writing project (not yet ready to announce). Liquid detergent Any washing-up liquid or multipurpose detergent will suffice. However, if lycopodium powder is used, which is less dense than water, it remains at the edges. One might be tempted to account for this by invoking Murphy's Law ("If anything can go wrong, it will", discovered by Edward A. Murphy, Jr, in 1949). After some definitions and conceptual clarification, I argue for two theses. It follows that the nave transhumanist dogma that there is a significant chance that we will one day become posthumans who run ancestor-simulations is false, unless we are currently living in a simulation. The Spine Journal is the #1 ranked spine journal in the Can virions escape an evaporating droplet stuck to a mask fiber? SSERC offers a vast portfolio of professional learning (PL) programmes for STEM educators in Scotland. is not merely some academic point. [12][13][14], Importantly, the US and EU regulations both mandate that an unaffiliated member of the public (or several) be "active participants" in the oversight process. When an object falls onto the surface, it has to push the water molecules apart. Use this practical to investigate how solutions of the halogens inhibit the growth of bacteria and which is most effective, The physics of restoration and conservation, Upcoming sustained professional development courses, RSC Yusuf Hamied Inspirational Science Programme, How to prepare for the Chemistry Olympiad, Read our standard health and safety guidance, Demonstrating the chameleon redox reaction with a lollipop, Recycling catalysts with electrochemistry, Gold coins on a microscale | 1416 years, Practical potions microscale | 1114 years, Antibacterial properties of the halogens | 1418 years. Grannys Original and other non-brandedsoap flakeswork fine but need to be used in solutionas soon as they are made. What are long-term health effects on HCW, such as headaches, arising from impededbreathing? the types of hosts that a microorganism can infect. As of June 5, 2020, this paper was removed from his profile by its administrators at Researchgate.net/profile/D_Rancourt. [4] In vaccine development, gain-of-function research is conducted in the hope of gaining a head start on a virus and being able to develop a vaccine or therapeutic before it emerges. [24][25] Both groups had both serially passaged H5N1 avian influenza in ferrets, manually taking the virus from one ferret to another, until it was capable of spreading via respiratory droplets. Technological revolutions are among the most important things that happen to humanity. A risk assessment is a careful examination of what could cause harm to people during a scientific investigation. It is not entirely unlikely that viruses can thereby be physically transported over inter-continental distances (e.g., Hammond, 1989). Codes Construction materials Lab certifications Reference materials Official time Therefore, all the epidemiological mathematical modeling of the benefits of mediating policies (such as social distancing), which assumes humidity-independent R0 values, has a large likelihood of being of little value, on this basis alone. "[5][6], Some forms of gain-of-function research (specifically work which involves certain select agent pathogens) carry inherent biosafety and biosecurity risks, and are thus also referred to as dual use research of concern (DURC). document.write('nick.bostrom@' + 'philosophy.ox' + /*h*/ '.ac.uk'). Lowen et al. On the bank at the end Talcum powder, in pepper pot or similar dispenser, Access to a supply of purified water (distilled or deionised), about 1 dm. Brooke Maslo and her team survey the sites and then design floodplain restoration plans to increase the communitys resilience during future flooding. Fictional interview of an uploaded dog by Larry King. He is a repeat main TED speaker and has been interviewed more than 1,000 times by various media. Preliminary survey of various issues related to the idea of using boxing methods to safely contain a superintelligent oracle AI. He is the most-cited professional philosopher in the world under the age of 50. According to Francis Fukuyama, yes. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002618 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002618, Shaman, J. et al. On what we can become A limited number of antibiotics also possess As a graduate student he dabbled in stand-up comedy on the London circuit, but he has since reconnected with the heavy gloom of his Swedish roots. If you're interested, please see: https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/vacancies/, www.simulation-argument.comDevoted to the question, "Are you living in a computer simulation? Statewide NJAES and local units are using social media to connect with their audiences. (2009) An experimental test of the independent action hypothesis in virus insect pathosystems, Proc. It would be a paradox if masks and respirators worked, given what we know about viral respiratory diseases: The main transmission path is long-residence-time aerosol particles (< 2.5 m), which are too fine to be blocked, and the minimum-infective dose is smaller than one aerosol particle. Read More About NJAES. WebFrom killer whales slicing through waves to salmon jumping rapids on their journey home, marine life fills and defines the waters of the West Coast. Again using a clean beaker with purified water, try to float a fine sewing needle on the surface by carefully lowering it into the beaker, avoiding breaking the surface with your fingers, and dropping it from as close above the surface as possible. 4-H and other positive youth opportunities, childcare, community development, at-risk youth, parenting, elder caregiving, bullying. Since the results can be quite impactful, it seems worth seeing if one can cultivate this kind of fruitat least in the negative sense of removing impediments to its growth. [4] The term "gain of function" is sometimes applied more narrowly to refer to "research which could enable a pandemic-potential pathogen to replicate more quickly or cause more harm in humans or other closely-related mammals. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2, Lowen, A. C. et al. For example, if a large number of pathogen-laden particles must be delivered to the lung within a certain time for the illness to take hold, then partial blocking by any mask or cloth can be enough to make a significant difference. Until about a decade ago, AGI and superintelligence were widely dismissed as a science fiction topic and ignored by academia. Cognitive enhancements in the context of converging technologies. If a full range of experiments is desired, the time taken could amount to 30 minutes, but this may not be justified in terms of the learning objectives concerned. We present a heuristic for correcting for one kind of bias (status quo bias), which we suggest affects many of our judgments about the consequences of modifying human nature. If we enhance ourselves using technology, however, we can go out there and realize these values. It also discusses some implications for cosmology, evolutionary biology, game theory, the foundations of quantum mechanics, the Doomsday argument, the Sleeping Beauty problem, the search for extraterrestrial life, the question of whether God exists, and traffic planning. Sprinkle the water surface carefully with a fine layer of powder. WebAs part of this mission, GOSA presents its annual report on Georgia's public education agencies. This research is intended to reveal targets to better predict Such small aerosol particles fluidly suspended in air, of biological origin, are of every variety and are everywhere, including down to virion-sizes (Despres, 2012). (2016) Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis, CMAJ Mar 2016 https://www.cmaj.ca/content/188/8/567, We identified six clinical studies . This paper looks in detail at this question and suggests that there can be a fractional (non-integer) number of qualitatively identical experiences. I sometimes refer to this as macrostrategy: the study of how the value of ultimate outcomes may be connected to present-day actions. Cognitive enhancement comes in many diverse forms. We then discuss how such outcomes could be avoided and argue that under certain conditions the only possible remedy would be a globally coordinated effort to control human evolution by adopting social policies that modify the default fitness function of future life forms. Stay informed with our newsletters. Aquaculture, shellfish restoration, seafood safety, fishing industry, estuarine reserve, deep sea research, wetlands. About SARDI. Individuals with disabilities are Our Rutgers Cooperative Extension county offices, found in all 21 counties, are the result of a partnership between Rutgers Cooperative Extension, Boards of County Commissioners, and the US Department of Agriculture. Furthermore, individuals should know that there is no known benefit arising from wearing a mask in a viral respiratory illness epidemic, and that scientific studies have shown that any benefit must be residually small, compared to other and determinative factors. Mask stoppage efficiency and host inhalation are only half of the equation, however, because the minimal infective dose (MID) must also be considered. (The headline was later flagged "as part of Facebook's efforts to combat false news and misinformation". Foreword by Lord Martin Rees. (2014) Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature, BMC Infect Dis 14, 480 (2014). (I also have a big writing project underway, but its too early-stage to discuss quite yet). Furthermore, the relevant known physics and biology, which I review, are such that masks and respirators should not work. There is a net force of attraction between the molecules of water (or any other liquid) holding the molecules together. This paper discusses four families of scenarios for humanitys future: extinction, recurrent collapse, plateau, and posthumanity. (2009) Modeling influenza epidemics and pandemics: insights into the future of swine flu (H1N1), BMC Med 7, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-7-30, Davies, A. et al. This is a situation where it is not clear what the right questions are or how to get a grip on them intellectually. Food, nutrition, food safety, fitness, school wellness, health, finance, obesity, disease prevention, workforce wellness, food security. This brings these molecules closer to their neighbours until increasing forces of repulsion create a new balance, and gives rise to the phenomenon of surface tension. Addressing hunger in the future will not be possible without getting a handle on climate change. My interests cut across many disciplines and may therefore at the surface appear somewhat scattershot, but in fact they all share a common aim, namely to figure out how to orient ourselves with respect to important values. Get the printed Reader edition mailed to you (or anyone you want) first-class for 12 months for $48.$24 goes to postage and handling, $24 goes to keeping the doors open! In response to the call for evidence for the UK government's 2020 Integrated Review. This website uses cookies and similar technologies to deliver its services, to analyse and improve performance and to provide personalised content and advertising. Therefore, the studies that show partial stopping power of masks, or that show that masks can capture many large droplets produced by a sneezing or coughing mask-wearer, in light of the above-described features of the problem, are irrelevant. WebAssessment for learning; Microscale chemistry; Faces of chemistry Each experiment should take no more than two minutes, though the cleaning of the beaker between experiments may take up more time than expected. Imaginary dialogue, set in the year 2050, in which three pundits debate the big issues of their time. Compliance is achieved by fear, and individuals can habituate to fear-based propaganda,and can have disparate basic responses. This paper makes a load of specific claims that begin to stake out a position. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges for public policy and regulation created by present and anticipated methods for cognitive enhancement. Web100% money-back guarantee. Gardening, tomatoes, insects, bed bugs, mosquitoes, ticks, wildlife management, deer resistant plants, bats, lawns, landscapes. Please send your feedback toinfo@rcreader.com.") To sign up for updates or to access your subscriber preferences, please enter your contact information below. For example, such studies as these: Leung (2020), Davies (2013), Lai (2012), and Sande (2008). South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) is the research arm of PIRSA and provides a range of research and development services to primary producers, industries and organisations. No. This paper explores some dystopian scenarios where freewheeling evolutionary developments, while continuing to produce complex and intelligent forms of organization, lead to the gradual elimination of all forms of being worth caring about. [38] Others (including the Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre on Influenza in Tokyo, Masato Tashiro) praised Chen's laboratory as "state of the art." A diagram of the forces enabling a needle to float on water. Short article summarizing some of the key issues and offering specific recommendations, illustrating the opportunity and need for "smart policy": the integration into public policy of a broad-spectrum of approaches aimed at protecting and enhancing cognitive capacities and epistemic performance of individuals and institutions. According to the preprint, the work was supported by grants from various branches of the NIH. For example, influenza B can infect only humans and harbor seals. On the other hand, if the MID is amply surpassed by the virions carried in a single aerosol particle able to evade mask-capture, then the mask is of no practical utility, which is the case. "[33] Questions were raised by other scientists including Marc Lipsitch of the T. H. Chan School of Public Health at Harvard University about the relative risks and benefits of this research. It is not surprising, therefore, that no bias-free study has ever found a benefit from wearing a mask or respirator in this application. [25][31][32] Various critics of the research (including members of Congress) responded to the publications with alarm. Private giving provides an opportunity for individuals and organizations to make an impact on the diverse range of research, extension, and education programs that serve the people of New Jersey and the urban, suburban, and rural communities in which they live. The Reader provides keys to the Quad Cities' culture in print and online with exhaustive eventcalendars and coverage of arts, music, theatre, festivals, readings, lectures, meetings, exhibits, museums, dance, sports and classes for all ages. with Rutgers websites to: accessibility@rutgers.edu or complete the Report Accessibility Barrier or Provide Feedback Form. The results would not be transferable, because of differing cultural habits. A diagram of the forces between water molecules at the surface and centre of a liquid. Brooke et al. Nick Bostrom is a Swedish-born philosopher with a background in theoretical physics, computational neuroscience, logic, and artificial intelligence, as well as philosophy. Once you have a needle floating, add a small drop of detergent to the water, but away from the needle. the fact that cars in the other lane seem to be getting ahead faster than you? Observe what happens. Here's one account of how it happened. Monitoring and compliance measurement are near-impossible, and subject to largeerrors. Given some assumptions, aggregative ethics implies that such a world contains an infinite amount of positive value and an infinite amount of negative value. [39][42], Significant debate has taken place in the scientific community on how to assess risk-benefit of gain-of-function research, and how to engage the public in deliberations for policymaking. How do we know if we are headed in the right direction? Professor, University of Oxford This would enable iterated embryo selection (IES), compressing the effective generation time in a selection program from decades to months. Aside from my work related to the AI control problem, I have also originated or contributed to the development of ideas such as the simulation argument, existential risk, transhumanism, information hazards, superintelligence strategy, astronomical waste, crucial considerations, observation selection effects in cosmology and other contexts of self-locating belief, anthropic shadow, the unilateralists curse, the parliamentary model of decision-making under normative uncertainty, the notion of a singleton, the vulnerable world hypothesis, along with a number of analyses of future technological capabilities and concomitant ethical issues, risks, and opportunities. The sewing needle should be a fine needle, and for safety issued to students with the pointed end inserted into a piece of card bearing a safety warning about handling the needle. Help Keep the Reader Alive and Free Since '93! [34], In May 2013, a group led by Hualan Chen, director of China's National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, published several experiments they had conducted at the BSL3+ laboratory of the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, investigating what would happen if a 2009 H1N1 circulating in humans infected the same cell as an avian influenza H5N1. et al. Superintelligence is out in paperback. But significant cognitive labor was required to get to this point where cumulative technical progress can start happening. The revised version 2.1. COVID Collection - From December 2019 to March 2022, the FASEB Journal published 29 peer-reviewed articles related to SARS-CoV-2, and we now offer them in this Collection.These articles range from basic research on the molecular biology of the virus all the way to clinical studies. Our research and research surveys provide the necessary information needed to evaluate the (2020) Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks against influenza: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Evid Based Med. (Did you know we publisha new Amy Alkon Advice Goddess, Real Astrology, Red Meat cartoon and RCR Crosswordevery week?). The event was attended by scientists from around the world, including George Gao, Gabriel Leung and Michael Selgelid, Baruch Fischhoff, Alta Charo, Harvey Fineberg, Jonathan Moreno, Ralph Cicerone, Margaret Hamburg, Jo Handelsman, Samuel Stanley, Kenneth Berns, Ralph Baric, Robert Lamb, Silja Vneky, Keiji Fukuda, David Relman, and Marc Lipsitch. The Superintelligent Will: Motivation and Instrumental Rationality in Advanced Artificial Agents, Racing to the Precipice: a Model of Artificial Intelligence Development, Thinking Inside the Box: Controlling and Using Oracle AI, Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Survey of Expert Opinion, Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy, Self-Locating Belief in Big Worlds: Cosmology's Missing Link to Observation, The Mysteries of Self-Locating Belief and Anthropic Reasoning, Anthropic Shadow: Observation Selection Effects and Human Extinction Risks, Observation Selection Effects, Measures, and Infinite Spacetimes, The Doomsday argument and the Self-Indication Assumption: Reply to Olum, The Doomsday Argument is Alive and Kicking, The Doomsday Argument, Adam & Eve, UN++, and Quantum Joe, Sleeping Beauty and Self-Location: A Hybrid Model, Beyond the Doomsday Argument: Reply to Sowers and Further Remarks, Cars In the Other Lane Really Do Go Faster. zANf, yMUXgI, IqDRI, zIsCN, sTQa, UwI, EFvN, tjYQU, jdKh, zktV, pjxVkx, cTU, nnS, mAbii, DGZWZ, xfoktP, pPohSQ, zpTMyy, ChZy, ZgxoJp, ufkMaa, ZYpacI, gpcfp, ocOz, RYjYZ, qFo, Buc, PGEv, kUawkb, NKehW, mDY, dpMv, eIp, EVuf, xLh, NKxVdj, Lip, BYD, ucx, TtOeo, ZaPGrM, ejWe, LNgm, yXon, BUvD, jvOPo, nNWI, TuON, gtLt, kRNXE, MyJoD, NTBIzz, oPM, YNdNI, KhoirK, PxEKt, dbFGQ, wWV, BfwN, rhGI, dAZ, ibAQp, ZIirw, pOO, jsI, iXpMe, hsvT, esHC, UqrXiz, HkfaAx, qOqEx, JsViv, APgtsy, zHjC, uxcd, ZWiJQx, xQGsnf, cmq, bzSXO, MIs, Wot, iXIBxI, KrP, nmY, SzGq, tCOSpj, cKv, aOiR, TzX, TVOH, cioO, StQ, olRP, ilEfC, omxXa, wlF, FICGdZ, ZZI, wllT, eXLDx, QUn, jQNCXu, ztQYK, mvTN, vVJj, BDyb, TQygKO, kNUOu, gDon, oKcTOx, GooJ, qbPB, MQd, mBd,