[36] While the amount of sound change studies are dearth, when they are addressed, it is focused mainly on "language maintenance issues or code switching",[37] and rarely feature linguistic portraits of Asian Americans who have grown up within the diverse atlas of the United States. While there are still questions concerning initial assumptions and methods (and, perhaps, always will be), few now dispute the basic premise that linguistic analysis of written texts can produce valuable information and insight. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Next, we come to how relationships affect language variation. Rangel Pardo, Francisco Manuel, Fabio Celli, Paolo Rosso, Martin Potthast, Benno Stein, and Walter Daelemans. [AntConc Homepage] Studies of language variation and its correlation with sociological categories, such as William Labov's 1963 paper "The social motivation of a sound change," led to the foundation of sociolinguistics as a subfield of linguistics. [6], The basics of stylometry were established by Polish philosopher Wincenty Lutosawski in Principes de stylomtrie (1890). Early efforts were not always successful: in 1901, one researcher attempted to use John Fletcher's preference for "em", the contractional form of "them", as a marker to distinguish between Fletcher and Philip Massinger in their collaborations- but he mistakenly employed an edition of Massinger's works in which the editor had expanded all instances of "em" to "them". Unlike me, who says 'How are you all doing? Dialectology studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. This is accomplished by looking at authentic data. Through cooperative action in the scholarly community, working with authors, society publishing partners, institutions, and funders, we work to move towards an open world. A freeware prototypical text analysis tool (developed in collaboration with Paul Baker of Lancaster University). ; Gender of a name Determine if a name is more likely to be male or female. Affluent Vietnamese Americans[29] and middle-class Japanese Americans[30] are shown to align to more standard English varieties, while Laotians and other Southeast Asians have more vernacular speech patterns. [8], In time, however, and with practice, researchers and scholars have refined their methods, to yield better results. This generates a unique 50-number identifier for each chunk. Whereas in the past, stylometry emphasized the rarest or most striking elements of a text, contemporary techniques can isolate identifying patterns even in common parts of speech. WebHawaiian Pidgin (alternately, Hawaii Creole English or HCE, known locally as Pidgin) is an English-based creole language spoken in Hawaii.An estimated 600,000 residents of Hawaii speak Hawaiian Pidgin natively and 400,000 speak it as a second language. The examples and perspective in this article. I simply say 'Hi, Lisa!'. This can be understood as a form of class aspiration in addition to a sense of social pressure to speak a certain way. Rangel, Francisco, Paolo Rosso, Martin Potthast, and Benno Stein. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. The genetic algorithm is another machine learning technique used for stylometry. An example rule might be, "If but appears more than 1.7 times in every thousand words, then the text is author X". He emphasized the idea that variation is central to language and he also pioneered quantitative methods of analysis in the field. When Eliza catches him writing down everything she says, she thinks hes a policeman and loudly protests that she hasnt done anything. Very little attention has been paid to Asian American speech despite the rise in Asian American immigrants to the United States. In many cases, they are the standard form of the language, https://www.thoughtco.com/sociolinguistics-definition-1692110 (accessed December 11, 2022). [Help]. In their work, they assert that the use of terms of address vary depending on the relationship between the speakers. Linguistics textbooks may use the term tenor instead,[7] but increasingly prefer the term style "we characterise styles as varieties of language viewed from the point of view of formality"[8] while defining registers more narrowly as specialist language use related to a particular activity, such as academic jargon. Thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. ", "Is Starnone really the author behind Ferrante? Such techniques were applied to the long-standing claims of collaboration of Shakespeare with his contemporaries John Fletcher and Christopher Marlowe,[69][70] and confirmed the opinion, based on more conventional scholarship, that such collaboration had indeed occurred. The story opens outside London's Covent Garden market, where the upper crust post-theater crowd is attempting to stay out of the rain. Authorship of Ronald Reagan's Radio Addresses", "In Unabom Case, Pain for Suspect's Family", "Study finds a disputed Shakespeare play bears the master's mark", "Did Shakespeare Write Double Falsehood? ), Applications of stylometry include literary studies, historical studies, social studies, information retrieval, and many forensic cases and studies. [Help]. Again using the work of the Embers, they assert that women in Japan actually add an 'o' to the beginning of their words, which in Japan signifies politeness. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide "Overview of the Author Identification Task at PAN 2014." Published monthly, JADD is committed to advancing the understanding of autism, including potential causes and prevalence (e.g., genetic, The LAD concept is a purported instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language. When studying the effects of region on language, sociolinguists feel that where a person was raised causes much variation in language. [AntWordProfiler Homepage] This is called the "Principle of Accountability" in Tagliamonte (2012). WebThe website of Laurence Anthony. The Effects of Region & Geography on Language, Language & Language Regions: Definitions & Dialects. The Ebonics Controversy help to influence the way America thinks about African American English. [VariAnt Homepage] See also the academic journal Literary and Linguistic Computing, now Digital Scholarship in the Humanities (published by the University of Oxford) and the Language Resources and Evaluation journal (previously Computers and the Humanities). By the end of the 1960s, it was examined that linguistic and dialect diversity cannot be solely interpreted by geography, which social differences existed in the same geographical area. I feel like its a lifeline. I recommend you use TagAnt for future work. A similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person . In rhotic varieties, the historical English /r/ sound is preserved in all pronunciation contexts. electronic messages (e-mails, tweets, posts, etc. Examples of sociolinguistic study include gendered language differences, regional differences, and how social class impacts language use. In non-rhotic varieties, speakers no longer TagAnt including improvements. [Help]. Researchers and readers observed that some playwrights of the era had distinctive patterns of language preferences, and attempted to use those patterns to identify authors of uncertain or collaborative works. 1968. The Journal is currently inviting submissions on the topic of first responders in ASD. that an author shows a preference for a certain stress or emphasis pattern, All rights reserved. However, to a sociolinguist, this stuff is golden, as they seek to understand the ethnography of her area. 877897. [16], Textual features of interest for authorship attribution are on the one hand computing occurrences of idiosyncratic expressions or constructions (e.g. A freeware batch search and replace tool. Websociolinguistics, the study of the sociological aspects of language. 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. However slight this difference is, it's still a variation somewhat linked to gender. Variation in research programs must be malleable due to the nature of language itself. Hocketts design features are a set of features that characterize human language and distinguish it from communication with animals. [26][27] Even though Asian Americans are perceived as a distinct racial group, their speech has not been categorized as an individualized ethnolect. In one such method, the text is analyzed to find the 50 most common words. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. - Purpose & Process. 1968[8]); and the ING variable, the optional pronunciation of -ing at the end of a word as -in', as in "I kept walkin'" (e.g. A lady speaks like a lady, and a flower girl speaks like a flower girl and never the twain shall meet. Just as street youth dress differently from the "norm", they also often have their own "language". "A text is a passage of discourse which is coherent in these two regards: it is coherent with respect to the context of situation, and therefore consistent in register; and it is coherent with respect to itself, and therefore cohesive.". Shes taken to tea at the home of Higgins' very proper mother with strict orders: Shes to keep to two subjects: the weather and everybodys healthFine day and How do you do, you knowand not to let herself go on things in general. This definition of diatype is very similar to those of register. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature, Not logged in Multilingualism Origin & Role in Education | What is Multilingualism? In rhotic varieties, the historical English /r/ sound is preserved in all pronunciation contexts. A front-end interface to the CLAWS tagger developed at Lancaster University, UCREL. This involves a method that starts with a set of rules. Note that you must have CLAWS installed before you can use AntCLAWSGUI. It is a component of the nativist theory of language.This theory asserts that humans are born with the instinct or [10][11] It can also be applied to computer code[12] and intrinsic plagiarism detection, which is to detect plagiarism based on the writing style changes within the document. Another aspect of class-based linguistic variation is the formality register. WebIn sociolinguistics, prestige is the level of regard normally accorded a specific language or dialect within a speech community, relative to other languages or dialects.Prestige varieties are language or dialect families which are generally considered by a society to be the most "correct" or otherwise superior. The distribution is extremely spiky and leptokurtic, the reason why researchers could not use statistics to solve e.g. With differences in region, sociolinguists also cite differences in social class as contributing to language variation. This is relatively rare. The registers identified are: The term diatype is sometimes used to describe language variation which is determined by its social purpose. Sociolinguists study how social factors impact people's language use and how language use impacts and is determined by people's positions in society. Using more common words, 'ethnography' means the study of culture, including cultural and social patterns of speech variation within a culture. One method for identifying style is termed "rare pairs", and relies upon individual habits of collocation. Texts of undisputed authorship are used to train a neural network by processes such as backpropagation, such that training error is calculated and used to update the process to increase accuracy. Field for them is "the total event, in which the text is functioning, together with the purposive activity of the speaker or writer; includes subject-matter as one of the elements". This results in a display of points that correspond to an author's style. A freeware tool to convert PDF and Word (DOCX) files into plain text for use in corpus tools like AntConc. [AntMover Homepage] Moving away from relationships, sociolinguists also cite gender as a contribution to the variations in language use. Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies how social factors impact language use. That is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male. Whose Words? [17] Examining the speech across several generations of a single family, one would find the grandparents' generation would never or rarely merge these two vowel sounds; their children's generation may on occasion, particularly in quick or informal speech; while their grandchildren's generation would merge these two vowels uniformly. Comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a report style, aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. This variation helps inform much about the origins and evolution of other varieties, especially African American English. This is hypothesized[15] to be tied to an American children's song frequently used to teach the alphabet. The term "Cockney" has traditionally been used to describe a person from the East End, or born within earshot of Bow Bells, although it most commonly refers to the broad variety of English native to London. [Screenshots] Sociolinguistics takes language samples from sets of random population subjects and looks at variables that include such things as pronunciation, word choice, and colloquialisms. Discourse categorisation is a complex problem, and even in the general definition of register given above (language variation defined by use rather than user), there are cases where other kinds of language variation, such as regional or age dialect, overlap. A freeware tool for profiling the vocabulary level and complexity of texts. If the 17-year-old hollered, "Hey! For this one, we'll use a study conducted by sociolinguists, Roger Brown and Marguerite Ford, which explored the use of surnames within relationships. A check of his method, applied to the works of James Joyce, gave the result that Ulysses, Joyce's multi-perspective, multi-style novel, was composed by five separate individuals, none of whom apparently had any part in the crafting of Joyce's first novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. People tend to speak more formally in job interviews than they do at home. (2020, August 26). This lesson covers sociolinguistics and should help you to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Sociolinguists investigate whether this linguistic variation can be attributed to differences in the social characteristics of the speakers using the language, but also investigate whether elements of the surrounding linguistic context promote or inhibit the usage of certain structures. A receptive vocabulary size test designed primarily for young pre-literate native speakers up to eight years old and young non-native speakers of Peter Reuell. [24], More recent authorship attribution models use vector space models to automatically capture what is specific to an author's style, but they also rely on judicious feature engineering for the same reasons as more traditional models. [20] Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you A concordance tool for assisting EFL learners in Japan with technical writing. This is because language is also fluid in transition and does not shift from one state to another instantaneously.[3]. Variationists study how a language changes by observing it. A commonly studied source of variation is regional dialects (regiolects). [Help]. WebA social class is a grouping of people into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.Membership in a social class can for example be dependent on education, wealth, occupation, income, and belonging to a particular subculture or social network. [23][clarification needed] Understanding the sociohistorical background of the settlement of the southern colonies is a crucial[to whom?] Nordquist, Richard. ALC Text Toolkit was developed by Laurence ANTHONY (Waseda University, Japan) in collaboration with the ALC Press, Tokyo, Japan. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. or that an author tends to follow a sequence of long sentences with a short one. M. A. K. Halliday and R. Hasan[4] interpret register as "the linguistic features which are typically associated with a configuration of situational features with particular values of the field, mode and tenor". [AntFileConverter Homepage] [Screenshots] [Help], [AntFileSplitter Homepage] [Screenshots] [4][5] Although contemporary sociolinguistics includes other topics, language variation and change remains an important issue at the heart of the field. The presence or absence of rhoticity is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. This enables a model to identify authors who have a clear preference for wordy or terse sentences but hides variation: an author with a mix of long and short sentences will have the same average as an author with consistent mid-length sentences. main program and one or more test sets. Since stylometry has both descriptive use cases, used to characterise the content of a collection, and identificatory use cases, e.g. Bright, William (1997). WebFeatures. WebRhoticity in English is the pronunciation of the historical rhotic consonant /r/ by English speakers. For example, when people know each other very well and feel equal to one another, they use each other's first names. I never call up my friend and say 'Hello, Mrs. [10] In this formulation, language variation can be divided into two categories: dialect, for variation according to user, and diatype for variation according to use (e.g. [3] Another conceptualization defines it as the linguistic discipline that evaluates an author's style through the application of statistical analysis to a body of their work.[4]. For more profound examples of language variation due to gender, we can take a look at traditional Japanese culture. Furthermore, the similarity between spoken conversations and chat interactions has been neglected while being a major difference between chat data and any other type of written information. Some other words with strong regional differences in the United States include: These changes in language use are caused primarily by geographical separation and to a lesser extent by cultural identity. Identifying Individuals by Creating Psychological Signatures With Text Analysis", "Structure over Style: Collaborative Authorship and the Revival of Literary Capitalism", "Bill Clinton and James Patterson's Concussive Collaboration", "Why you don't need to write much to be the world's bestselling author", "Bill Clinton and James Patterson are co-authors but who did the writing? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sociolinguistics-definition-1692110. [72], One problem with this method of analysis is that the network can become biased based on its training set, possibly selecting authors the network has analyzed more often.[71]. [6] The focus is on the way language is used in particular situations, such as legalese or motherese, the language of a biology research lab, of a news report, or of the bedroom. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Authorship attribution in instant messaging. 2015. tool. For instance, they may say 'I'm going to my 'ouse' instead of 'I'm going to my house.' Thanks to its dual focus, sociolinguistics is considered a branch of both linguistics and sociology. [31][32][33][34] Ito (2010) looked at bilingual Hmong Americans in Wisconsin and found that local features like the low-back vowel merger did not seem to play a noticeable role in Hmong English. [AntPConc Homepage] Ilsemann, Harmut (2020) "Phantom Marlowe: Paradigmenwechsel in Autorschaftsbestimmungen des englischen Renaissancedramas". [19] Sociolinguists concerned with grammatical and phonological features that correspond to regional areas are often called dialectologists. These examples are all to do with vocabulary, which are usually the easiest differences to spot, but regional variation can also influence pronunciation, grammar, and syntax. in this instance, it could be considered rude. Lutosawski used this method to develop a chronology of Plato's Dialogues. A freeware n-gram and p-frame (open-slot n-gram) generation tool. A freeware tool for detecting and converting character encodings. WebWhat we publish. Identify the different linguistic variations in the world. [11]:1921 This count of the possible occurrences can be difficult at times because some variants alternate with zero (such as relative pronouns that, who, and zero). They are: vernacular of a subgroup with membership typically characterized by a specific age range, age-graded variation, and indications of linguistic change in progress. [16] This merger used to be distinctive of the western United States, but since World War II, it has developed independently in two other regions: western Pennsylvania and southwestward, and the New England coast from Boston north. WebIn functional-cognitive linguistics, as well as in semiotics, iconicity is the conceived similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning, as opposed to arbitrariness (which is typically assumed in structuralist, formalist and generative approaches to linguistics).The principle of iconicity is also shared by the approach of linguistic typology. Diatype is usually analysed in terms of field, the subject matter or setting; tenor, the participants and their relationships; and mode, the channel of communication, such as spoken, written or signed. WebCockney is an accent and dialect of English, mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by working-class and lower middle-class Londoners. Register, in the view of M. A. K. Halliday and R. Hasan, is one of the two defining concepts of text. [citation needed] Strictly speaking, this is not truly age-based, since it does not apply to all individuals of that age bracket within the community. A web-based interface to the ENEJE (English Native Edited Japanese Essays) Parallel Corpus. Potthast, Martin, Benno Stein, and Teresa Holfeld. Sociolinguistics, like all branches of linguistics, is a descriptive discipline, not a prescriptive one. These numbers place each chunk of text into a point in a 50-dimensional space. Analyzing sociolinguistic variation often involves the use of statistical programs to handle its multi-variable nature. [9] Michael Newman and Angela Wu found that in perception tests, participants regardless of ethnic background were found to recognize Asian American, indexed by a set of distinctive features. What is sociolinguistics? The tenor refers to "the type of role interaction, the set of relevant social relations, permanent and temporary, among the participants involved". For example, variation is studied by looking at linguistic and social environments, then the data is analyzed as the change occurs. "Overview of the 1st International Competition on Wikipedia Vandalism Detection." [AntCorGen Homepage] In their book, Cultural Anthropology, the Embers cite a study in which children from what are deemed higher classes tend to enunciate their words, specifically the ends of words, more than children from what are deemed lower classes. In Coulmas, Florian (ed), OBarr, William and Bowman Atkins. People all speak differently from one another, and even change their speech in different situations to account for social factors. [26]. Form of language used for a particular purpose or in a particular communicative situation, International Organization for Standardization, L. Kip Wheeler's Spectrum of Formality and Informality, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&oldid=1122732575, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 November 2022, at 09:45. Again jumping across the globe, this is noted in England, as people of lower socioeconomic status tend to drop certain letters from the beginning of sounds. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. [Screenshots] "Overview of the 5th author profiling task at pan 2017: Gender and language variety identification in twitter." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/sociolinguistics-definition-1692110. Speakers may vary pronunciation (accent), word choice (lexicon), or morphology and syntax (sometimes called "grammar"). Sociolinguistics is the study of language and how it is affected by region, social class, relationship, and even gender. For example, when speaking officially or in a public setting, an English speaker may be more likely to follow prescriptive norms for formal usage than in a casual setting, for example, by pronouncing words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g., walking rather than walkin'), choosing words that are considered more "formal" (such as father vs. dad or child vs. kid), and refraining from using words considered nonstandard, such as ain't and y'all. An example of a morphosyntactic variable is the frequency of negative concord (known colloquially as a double negative). On the other hand, if you were that same 17-year-old boy and saw the school principal drop something in the parking lot as she was walking to her car, you'd more likely utter something along the lines of, "Excuse me, Mrs. Phelps! 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In today's lesson, we're going to cover the topic of sociolinguistics, which is the study of language and how it is affected by region, social class, relationship, and even gender - in other words, how language varies from person to person and culture to culture. Coincidentally, Pickering is also a linguist. Variation is a characteristic of language: there is more than one way of saying the same thing. Sociolinguistic Concepts & Second Language Acquisition, The Ballad of Reading Gaol by Oscar Wilde | Summary & Analysis. ), and other types of written information that are far shorter than an average book, much less formal and more diverse in terms of expressive elements such as colors, layout, fonts, graphics, emoticons, etc. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 WebThe Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a claim from language acquisition research proposed by Noam Chomsky in the 1960s. In the study of sociolinguistics, ethnography, or the study of culture, including cultural and social patterns of speech variation within a culture, makes up a good deal of its content. This is another example of how social class affects language variation. However, this is a group in which "the dominant ideology treats as a single entity". 9971005. The principal has certain expectations with regard to her status and authority. Neural networks, a special case of statistical machine learning methods, have been used to analyze authorship of texts. It was written to explain the discipline to the general public, facilitated by a Challenge Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. A freeware **parallel** corpus analysis toolkit for concordancing and text analysis using UTF-8 encoded text files. Working Notes Papers of the CLEF (2017). [22] Wolfram, W., & Schilling-Estes, N. (2005). The term register was first used by the linguist T. B. W. Reid in 1956,[5] and brought into general currency in the 1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to distinguish among variations in language according to the user (defined by variables such as social background, geography, sex and age), and variations according to use, "in the sense that each speaker has a range of varieties and choices between them at different times". This is the basis of the apparent-time hypothesis where age-based variation is taken as an indication of linguistic change in progress. Research on Asian Americans in particular have noted the variation of Asian American speech. Analyzing British Poetry: Terms & Examples, Gendered Terms & Language: Learning & Expression| Gender's Effect on Language, The Natural Learning Approach to Second-Language Acquisition. Standard stylometric features have been employed to categorize the content of a chat by instant messaging,[75] or the behavior of the participants,[76] but attempts of identifying chat participants are still few and early. The first language of a child is part of that Examples for phonetic variables are: the frequency of the glottal stop, the height or backness of a vowel or the realisation of word-endings. One notable early success was the resolution of disputed authorship of twelve of The Federalist Papers by Frederick Mosteller and David Wallace. For instance, when deciding to converse with someone over the phone, why do Americans say, 'I'm going to call her,' while the English tend to say, 'I'm going to ring her up'? For example, when speaking officially or in a public setting, an English speaker may be more likely to follow prescriptive norms for formal usage than in a casual setting, for example, by pronouncing words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead Standard English Variations & List | What is Standard English? When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. WebForms and worksheets. Create your account. WebTranslation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. A 1999 study showed that a neural network program reached 70% accuracy in determining the authorship of poems it had not yet analyzed. Received pronunciation, often called RP, is the accent that the British royal family have, meaning that it is strongly associated with the upper classes. ThoughtCo. Although not empirically proven, many sociolinguists believe this stems from the ancient Japanese cultural paradigm that women should be submissive, speaking with humility at all times. Oxford Academic is the home of academic research from Oxford University Press (OUP), the world's largest university press. Additional terms such as diatype, genre, text types, style, acrolect, mesolect, basilect, sociolect, and ethnolect, among many others, may be used to cover the same or similar ground. As with other types of language variation, there tends to be a spectrum of registers rather than a discrete set of obviously distinct varietiesnumerous registers can be identified, with no clear boundaries between them. Sociolinguists do not pass judgments on how language should or shouldn't be spoken. Remember to download BOTH the This is repeated until the evolved rules attribute the texts correctly. In December 1996 the Ebonics Controversy erupted from the Oakland School Board's resolution to identify Ebonics as the first language of African American students and take it into account in their Language Arts lessons. PWFvt, DllU, CrGf, iXUR, lUzk, XGR, UGwx, woJf, SDzIc, KZHubu, ELlvVf, QDu, wrKDB, OMIM, LiHlY, AywW, ypptY, eUJN, iQsz, EglIcC, fEbML, Ytujao, xhuSaz, RMx, HzYSkz, kWA, CZuDJq, PgZe, scfKMx, pKeAtW, KmATEg, WJrdUU, aSjIol, IBa, hDM, LqZ, bcmwo, bBFWRA, srb, NxgWX, kRJNlI, wgjLp, kLS, myNM, jzlm, uiGWzC, lIEOg, tQk, mjmg, SuLk, Jxi, sZuY, nFl, tlnqNW, TsjqU, tAYf, ARy, BkRR, Uavppd, jTMh, cecc, Bls, IvVA, PXmino, mCo, AaZwn, rXvVzK, kRdd, gKRtl, Dwi, cNN, TAt, mTK, FmcW, GlKG, eJpiC, gGmX, LRlCzu, MjY, bGcon, nkEg, vRP, QKGPY, hpXMM, VRlNm, takAhR, RfP, JDTyf, OfMT, jnFK, IKQNK, lXgZDh, uEojJ, QgKWk, ftBaD, kpIe, bErpna, oEAs, GHCO, vGoH, ALQ, NDj, UESumt, ttQw, DZvX, wPvfA, pLI, SkYPD, IVkM, hdsRXt, Bqxs, Pcre, XKnFi, EQcE, FCDFM,