Plant Cell Physiol 25:883889, CAS Superoxide dismutase. (2015). Zhu J. Y., Sae-Seaw J., Wang Z. Y. Limited CO 2 assimilation due to UV-B leads to excessive production of ROS which, in turn, cause oxidative damage in plants [10, 272]. Additionally, environmental pollution by OPs also induces accumulation of both H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) in root tips, resulting in increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, an indicator of membrane lipid peroxidation, and abnormal root growth. The major members of the ROS family include free radicals like O 2, OH and non-radicals like H 2 O 2 and 1 O 2. Free Radic Biol Med 33:774797, Hayakawa T, Kanematsu S, Asada K (1984) Occurrence of CuZn-superoxide dismutase in the intrathylakoid space of spinach chloroplasts. MY gave some suggestion and advice. Ros Homeostasis In Plant. (2017). BRI1, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1, and BZR1, BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1, are modified by ROS. (2012). Part of Springer Nature. Duan Z. Q., Bai L., Zhao Z. G., Zhang G. P., Cheng F. M., Jiang L. X., et al. Redox signaling, alkylation (carbonylation) of conserved cysteines inactivates class I histone deacetylases 1, 2, and 3 and antagonizes their transcriptional repressor function. Wang F., Chen H. W., Li Q. T., Wei W., Li W., Zhang W. K., et al. (2009) identified a drought and salt tolerance (dst) mutant, and the DST was cloned by the map-based cloning. Front Plant Sci. As fixed organisms, plants are especially affected by changes in their environment and have consequently evolved extensive mechanisms for acclimation and adaptation. 10:800. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00800. However, although the highly compartmentalized nature of enzymes involved in ROS scavenging is fairly well defined, we have much to discover about the initiation of ROS signaling, the sensing and response mechanisms, and how the delicate balance between production and scavenging is controlled. A major role of the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 pathway in ROS signalling. Plant 8, 11031114. More importantly, manipulating ROS levels provides an opportunity to enhance stress tolerances of crop plants under a variety of unfavorable environmental conditions. (2012). Non-enzymatic antioxidants include GSH, AsA, carotenoids, tocopherols, and flavonoids are also crucial for ROS homeostasis in plant (Gill and Tuteja, 2010). ROS can damage DNA and proteins . The RST and PARP-like domain containing SRO protein family: analysis of protein structure, function and conservation in land plants. Redox Signal. Plant Cell Physiol 49:12721282, Kaur G, Sharma A, Guruprasad K, Pati PK (2014) Versatile roles of plant NADPH oxidases and emerging concepts. JERF3 modulates the expression of genes involved in osmotic and oxidative stresses responses by binding to the osmotic- and oxidative-responsive related cis elements. CaNHL4-silenced pepper plants display significantly increased susceptibility to TMV, Phytophthora capsici and Pseudomonas syringae, exhibiting reduced expression of JA-related and SA-related genes and reduced ROS production. In: Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU (eds) Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signaling and communications in plants. Brassinosteroids are a group of steroid hormones and important for a broad spectrum of plant growth and development processes, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses (Bajguz and Hayat, 2009; Divi and Krishna, 2009; Yang et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2013a). It can oxidize the cell wall polysaccharides, resulting in cell wall loosening (Karkonen and Kuchitsu, 2015), and it can also induce DNA single-strand breakage (Hiramoto et al., 1996). (2015). O2- and H2O2 activate and repress WUS activity to balance stem cell identity and differentiation, respectively. J Exp Bot 53:22932303, Streller S, Schinkel H, Wingsle G (1997) Apoplasmic CuZn-superoxide dismutase in Pinus sylvestris. SA inhibits the expression of ROS scavenging-related genes, which increases ROS levels and promotes root meristem activity. RCD1 interacts with SOS1 and a large number of transcription factors which have been identified or predicted to be involved in both development and stress-related processes (Katiyar-Agarwal et al., 2006; Jaspers et al., 2009). The function of peroxiredoxins in plant organelle redox metabolism. (2014). ROS involved in plant stress responses. Binding of BR to receptor kinase BRI1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1) increases cellular levels of H2O2, and the increased H2O2 induces oxidative modification of BZR1 (BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1) and BES1 (BRI1-EMSSUPPSSOR1), the key transcription factors in BR signaling. (2012). The authors proposed that SERF1 is essential for the propagation of the initial ROS signal to mediate salt tolerance. Abiotic stress conditions such as drought, heat, or salinity affect plant growth and reduce agricultural production worldwide. Maintenance of ROS homeostasis and ROS generation regulates seed germination through GA and/or ABA metabolism and signaling in Arabidopsis and barley, respectively (Baek et al., 2015; Ishibashi et al., 2015). 144, 15081519. Calcium and ZmCCaMK are involved in brassinosteroid-induced antioxidant defense in maize leaves. Liu S., Wang M., Wei T., Meng C., Xia G. (2014). The chief toxic effect of O2 and H2O2 resides in their ability to initiate cascade reactions that result in. Hu X., Jiang M., Zhang J., Zhang A., Lin F., Tan M. (2007). Ethylene accumulation induces the expression of RBOHH, a member of the NADPH oxidase gene family. und Strahl. Conversely, they also feed NADPH-producing metabolism to participate in antioxidative processes (Couee et al., 2006). 77, 161173. The imbalance of different ROS species or accumulation of ROS induced by high levels of glucose oxidizes active IAA, resulting in its degradation, impairs root meristem activity, and subsequently inhibits root growth through the conserved macroautophagy/autophagy pathway (Huang et al., 2019). In another study, Perez-Ruiz et al. Two recent papers reported that C-terminal phosphorylation and ubiquitination modulates AtRBOHD activity, which extends our understanding of the . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:517522, Tripathy BC, Oelmller R (2012) Reactive oxygen species generation and signaling in plants. Polyamines are low molecular weight aliphatic amines found in all living cells. Hundreds or even 1000s of genes that regulate stress responses have been identified in crop plants by diverse functional genomics approaches (Hu and Xiong, 2014). OsTRXh1 protein possesses reduction activity and secreted into the extracellular space. Redox Signal. Wong H. L., Pinontoan R., Hayashi K., Tabata R., Yaeno T., Hasegawa K., et al. J Biol Chem 281:68846888, Halliwell B (2006) Reactive species and antioxidants. (Fujita et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2017). doi: 10.1105/tpc.108.061655, Zhou, H., Finkemeier, I., Guan, W., Tossounian, M. A., Wei, B., Young, D., et al. Calcium (Ca2+) regulates numerous signaling pathways involved in growth, development and stress tolerance. After floodwaters subside, submerged plants encounter re-exposure to atmospheric oxygen, leading to postanoxic injury and severe leaf desiccation (Setter et al., 2010; Fukao and Xiong, 2013). We would like to thank everyone who was involved in the publication of this Special Issue. Chaturvedi A. K., Patel M. K., Mishra A., Tiwari V., Jha B. The involvement of ROS in signal transduction implies that there must be coordinated function of regulation networks to maintain ROS at non-toxic levels in a delicate balancing act between ROS production, involving ROS generating enzymes and the unavoidable production of ROS during basic cellular metabolism, and ROS-scavenging pathways. Transcriptomics and functional genomics of ROS-induced cell death regulation by RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1. Couee I., Sulmon C., Gouesbet G., El Amrani A. ROS production in plants via consumption of oxygen in a socalled oxidative burst is one of the earliest cellular responses following successful pathogen recognition. Trends Plant Sci. In the RAM, ROS, and auxin signaling are antagonistically regulated to balance root meristem growth (Tognetti et al., 2017). Representative genes that involved in abiotic stress resistance in major crops through ROS regulation. However, regulatory mechanisms at the biochemical level, the mechanisms of extracellular ROS perception, transduction of ROS-derived signals, and especially the communication and interaction between different subcellular compartments in ROS signaling are still poorly understood. (2009). VTC1, an Enzyme Involved in Ascorbate Biosynthesis, regulates H2O2 levels in the RAM. Three key signaling molecules, including abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium ion (Ca 2 . Plant Physiol 123:335344, Pignocchi C, Foyer CH (2003) Apoplastic ascorbate metabolism and its role in the regulation of cell signalling. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help OsSRO1c was induced in guard cells by drought stress. Plant Physiol 110:589598, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB (2014) NADPH-generating dehydrogenases: their role in the mechanism of protection against nitro-oxidative stress induced by adverse environmental conditions. Wang et al. Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the unwinding of energetically stable duplex DNA or RNA secondary structures, and thereby play an important role in almost all DNA and/or RNA metabolic processes. Arsenite alters global histone H3 methylation. Overexpression of a calcium-dependent protein kinase confers salt and drought tolerance in rice by preventing membrane lipid peroxidation. Based on their results, the authors suggested that PAs mediate tolerance to abiotic stresses through their ability to decrease ROS generation and enhance ROS degradation. Oxidative stress-triggered interactions between the succinyl- and acetyl-proteomes of rice leaves. Bars indicate negative regulation. The ascorbate peroxidase APX1 is a direct target of a zinc finger transcription factor ZFP36 and a late embryogenesis abundant protein OsLEA5 interacts with ZFP36 to co-regulate OsAPX1 in seed germination in rice. H2O2 and superoxide are formed during lateral root (LR) development, and contribute to the elongation of LRs but, intriguingly, not to the initiation of LR primordia (Manzano et al., 2014). The presence of several Cys residues in MTs suggests their involvement in the detoxification of ROS or in the maintenance of redox levels. Cross-talk between calcium and reactive oxygen species originated from NADPH oxidase in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defence in leaves of maize seedlings. (2012). 2013). Plants lacking AtFtSH4, an ATP-dependent mitochondrial protease, exhibited an intriguing phenotype of precocious cessation of growth at both the SAM and RAM when grown at elevated temperature (LD 31C). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp 89131, Mller IM (2001) Plant mitochondria and oxidative stress: electron transport, NADPH turnover and metabolism of reactive oxygen species. ZmCPK11 is involved in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defence and functions upstream of ZmMPK5 in abscisic acid signalling in maize. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar . Zhu Y., Zuo M., Liang Y., Jiang M., Zhang J., Scheller H. V., et al. During the last two decades, the major sources and sites of ROS production, and the key antioxidant molecules and enzymes that scavenge ROS have been chartered in plant. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw310, Shimazu, T., Hirschey, M. D., Newman, J., He, W., Shirakawa, K., Le Moan, N., et al. Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. Takahashi S., Kimura S., Kaya H., Iizuka A., Wong H. L., Shimamoto K., et al. Under normal conditions, excessive ROS can be scavenged by various antioxidative defense mechanisms. doi: 10.1111/pce.13021, Tsukagoshi, H., Busch, W., and Benfey, P. N. (2010). Sci. Additionally, most of the reported ROS-associated genes that involved in abiotic stress just have been demonstrated its role in regulation of expression and/or activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes. This implies there is close cooperation between ROS and epigenetic regulation of gene expression during rice crown root development. Hou X., Xie K., Yao J., Qi Z., Xiong L. (2009). GMF reduction to near-null values (NNMF) induces gene expression modulation that generates biomolecular, morphological, and developmental changes. The rice (japonica) genome has eight genes that encode putative SODs, including two cytosolic copper-zinc SODs (cCuZn-SOD1 and cCuZn-SOD2), one putative CuZn-SOD-like (CuZn-SOD-L), one plastidic SOD (pCuZn-SOD), two iron SODs (Fe-SOD2 and Fe-SOD3), and one manganese SOD (Mn-SOD1) (Nath et al., 2014). Julia Bailey-Serres, Ron Mittler, The Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Cells, Plant Physiology, Volume 141, Issue 2, June 2006, Page 311, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.900191. J Biol Chem 279:16947, Grace SC (1990) Phylogenetic distribution of superoxide dismutase supports an endosymbiotic origin for chloroplasts and mitochondria. J Plant Physiol 163:601606, Narendra S, Venkataramani S, Shen G, Wang J, Pasapula V, Lin Y, Kornyeyev D, Holaday AS, Zhang H (2006) The Arabidopsis ascorbate peroxidase 3 is a peroxisomal membrane-bound antioxidant enzyme and is dispensable for Arabidopsis growth and development. ETCs in PSI and PSII are the main sources of ROS in chloroplasts. MAPK cascades also play crucial roles in ROS signaling, and several studies in Arabidopsis have shown that ROS are not only the trigger, but also the consequence of activation of MAPK signaling (Kovtun et al., 2000; Pitzschke and Hirt, 2006; Pitzschke et al., 2009). PLoS One 10:e0143173. Tobacco plants overproducing the alfalfa aldose/aldehyde reductase showed lower concentrations of reactive aldehydes (products of lipid peroxidation) and tolerance to oxidative and drought stress (Oberschall et al., 2000). Biochem J 322:681692, Wong HL, Pinontoan R, Hayashi K, Tabata R, Yaeno T, Hasegawa K, Kojima C, Yoshioka H, Iba K, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K (2007) Regulation of rice NADPH oxidase by binding of Rac GTPase to its N-terminal extension. (2009). The authors first showed that CRK2 and its kinase activity is important for proper plant growth. 116, 475485. This reveals a new connection between epigenetic control and cellular redox homeostasis. Involvement of soluble sugars in reactive oxygen species balance and responses to oxidative stress in plants. Cellular localization of ROS and NO in olive reproductive tissues during flower development. Other two C2H2-type zinc finger proteins, ZFP36 and ZFP179, also play circle role in ROS homeostasis regulation and abiotic stress resistance in rice. The transcription factor UPB1 (UPBEAT1) is one of the key regulators maintaining this balance. The main principle depicted here is that ROS-mediated signaling is controlled by a delicate balance between production and scavenging. Drought stress and reactive oxygen species www.landesbioscience.com Plant Signaling & Behavior 157 very high rates under normal conditions.9 One of the major cellular sites responsible for ROS production is the chloroplast.10 During photosynthesis, energy from the sunlight is captured and transferred These findings establish a molecular link between auxin and ROS-mediated polar root hair growth. Besides traditional enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, increasing evidences indicated that soluble sugars, including disaccharides, raffinose family oligosaccharides and fructans, have a dual role with respect to ROS (Couee et al., 2006; Keunen et al., 2013). A., Jardim-Messeder, D., Carvalho, F. E. L., Sousa, R. H. V., et al. FtSH4 (also named AtFTSH4), an ATP-dependent mitochondrial protease, associated with internal oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in the SAM. We hope that the ROS Special Issue will bridge many disciplines in plant biology and provide an in-depth and current sampler of ROS biology in plants. Therefore, OH is the most reactive ROS, and it can react with all biological molecules. Members of other TF families also functioned in abiotic stress response through ROS regulation. Transcriptional modulation of ethylene response factor protein JERF3 in the oxidative stress response enhances tolerance of tobacco seedlings to salt, drought, and freezing. Plant Physiol. Lu W., Chu X., Li Y., Wang C., Guo X. Overexpression of OsAPX2 increased APX activity and reduced H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in transgenic plants under stress treatments (Zhang et al., 2013). Heat tolerance in plants: an overview. YZ wrote and revised the manuscript. Knock out of RBOHH by CRISPR/Cas9 reduces ROS accumulation and inducible aerenchyma formation in rice roots, which is essential for rice to adapt to flooding and other oxygen-deficient conditions (Yamauchi et al., 2017). 173, 22942307. Jaspers P., Blomster T., Brosche M., Salojarvi J., Ahlfors R., Vainonen J. P., et al. Huang X. Y., Chao D. Y., Gao J. P., Zhu M. Z., Shi M., Lin H. X. The equilibrium between production and scavenging of ROS may be perturbed by various biotic and abiotic stresses. OsACA6, a P-type IIB Ca2+ ATPase promotes salinity and drought stress tolerance in tobacco by ROS scavenging and enhancing the expression of stress-responsive genes. Plant Physiol Biochem 46:292301, Asada K, Kiso K, Yoshikawa K (1974) Univalent reduction of molecular oxygen by spinach chloroplasts on illumination. Springer, Cham. In addition, ROS are also essential for the development of crown roots (CRs) in rice. (2010). 2, Gebade 4113, 30419, Hannover, Germany, You can also search for this author in (2018). They play essential roles downstream of stress signaling cascades, which could alter the expression of a subset of stress-responsive genes simultaneously and enhance tolerance to environmental stress in plants. (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.009, Rosing, M. T., and Frei, R. (2004). Plant NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the most studied enzymatic source of ROS. A novel aldose/aldehyde reductase protects transgenic plants against lipid peroxidation under chemical and drought stresses. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox gene WOX11 is required to activate shoot-borne crown root development in rice. Therefore, manipulating endogenous ROS levels provides us with an opportunity to improve common defense mechanisms against different stresses to ensure crop plants growth and survival under adverse growing condition. Plant Physiol 118:13271335, Kadota Y, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Stransfeld L, Asai S, Ntoukakis V, Jones JD, Shirasu K, Menke F, Jones A, Zipfel C (2014) Direct regulation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD by the PRR-associated kinase BIK1 during plant immunity. (2018). Mitogen-activated protein kinases and reactive oxygen species signaling in plants. doi: 10.1105/tpc.113.117028, Zafra, A., Rodriguez-Garcia, M. I., and Alche Jde, D. (2010). More importantly, OsAPX2-overexpressing plants were more tolerant to drought stress than wild-type plants at the booting stage as indicated a significantly increase in spikelet fertility under abiotic stresses (Zhang et al., 2013). Li X., Zhang H., Tian L., Huang L., Liu S., Li D., et al. Another C2H2-type ZFP, ZFP36, is also necessary for ABA-induced antioxidant defense (Zhang et al., 2014). www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.900191. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1520547, Huang, S., Van Aken, O., Schwarzlander, M., Belt, K., and Millar, A. H. (2016). A simple view of ROS signaling in plants is shown in the model in Figure 1 Figure 1. We thank support and comments from Janice Jones and Danny Alexander (Metabolon Inc., USA) on metabolomic analyses. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.105, Lee, S., Seo, P. J., Lee, H.-J., and Park, C.-M. (2012). (2013). Lipid microdomain polarization is required for NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS signaling in Picea meyeri pollen tube tip growth. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01459.x, Keywords: ROS, plant development, stress response, epigenetic modification, regulatory mechanism, Citation: Huang H, Ullah F, Zhou D-X, Yi M and Zhao Y (2019) Mechanisms of ROS Regulation of Plant Development and Stress Responses. doi: 10.1105/tpc.16.00038, Wu, Y., Yang, Z., How, J., Xu, H., Chen, L., and Li, K. (2017). Thus, much like calcium signaling is controlled by the spatial and temporal nature of its storage and release, ROS signaling is controlled by regional production and scavenging. The induced ROS production in RCI3-ox roots was completely blocked by DPI, which is an NADPH oxidase inhibitor ( Figure 2D ). Taken together, it is clear that the hormonal and ROS networks can no longer be regarded as independent mechanisms. (2003). Proc. A calcium-binding protein, rice annexin OsANN1, enhances heat stress tolerance by modulating the production of H. Raghavendra A. S., Gonugunta V. K., Christmann A., Grill E. (2010). Members of AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene response factor), zinc finger, WRKY, bZIP (basic leucine zipper), and NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) families have been characterized with roles in the regulation of plant abiotic stress responses (Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 2006; Ariel et al., 2007; Ciftci-Yilmaz and Mittler, 2008; Fang et al., 2008), and some of them have been demonstrated to be involved in ROS homeostasis regulation and abiotic stress resistance in crops. Arrows indicate positive regulation. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.128, Huang, L., Sun, Q., Qin, F., Li, C., Zhao, Y., and Zhou, D. X. The site is secure. Delicate balance of ROS is maintained by an efficient functioning of intriguing indigenous defence system called antioxidant system comprising enzymatic . (2005). The receptor-like kinase SIT1 mediates salt sensitivity by activating MAPK3/6 and regulating ethylene homeostasis in rice. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 7(8), 893-897. doi:10.4161/psb.20692 . Soluble sugars were directly linked with the production rates of ROS by regulation ROS producing metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial respiration or photosynthesis. Sirichandra C., Gu D., Hu H. C., Davanture M., Lee S., Djaoui M., et al. Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage in Plants Under Stress pp 122Cite as. 8600 Rockville Pike From seed germination to plant senescence, ROS are dynamically generated or removed, which makes plants regulate their development in order to adapt to different environments. Curr Opin Plant Biol. A STRESS-RESPONSIVE NAC1-regulated protein phosphatase gene rice protein phosphatase18 modulates drought and oxidative stress tolerance through abscisic acid-independent reactive oxygen species scavenging in rice. The cotton WRKY transcription factor GhWRKY17 functions in drought and salt stress in transgenic. Cell 143, 606616. Water stress-induced ABA accumulation and exogenous ABA treatment triggers the increased generation of ROS, then leads to the activation of the antioxidant system in crops (Jiang and Zhang, 2002a,b; Ye et al., 2011). Other mechanisms, such as leaf movement and curling, photosynthetic apparatus rearranging, may also represent an attempt to avoid the over-reduction of ROS by balancing the amount of energy absorbed by the plant with the availability of CO2 (Mittler, 2002). Plant respiratory burst oxidase homologs impinge on wound responsiveness and development in. A new study by Kimura et al. The ROS levels in the RCI3 overexpression lines and the mutant indicate that RCI3 contributes to ROS production when Arabidopsis roots are deprived of potassium. (2015). Redox regulation of plant stem cell fate. U.S.A. 114, 52895294. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K., Shinozaki K. (2006). Weeds are one of the most damaging biotic stresses in crop production, and drought and salinity are considered the most serious abiotic stresses. (2006). Rushton P. J., Somssich I. E., Ringler P., Shen Q. J. Among the enzymatic systems, SOD is able to rapidly convert OH to H2O2, and the generated H2O2 is then converted to water and dioxygen by peroxidase and CAT (Gechev et al., 2006; Mittler, 2017). Does ROS signaling play a role in cell-to-cell communication? Further studies showed that H2O2 itself affects UPB1 expression, and this regulatory system contains a feedback loop that plays a role in both ROS homeostasis and root growth (Tsukagoshi et al., 2010). doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.020, Viola, I. L., Guttlein, L. N., and Gonzalez, D. H. (2013). (2017). These results suggest that ROS mediate the control of plant stem cell fate, and the balance between O2- and H2O2 is essential for shoot stem cell maintenance and differentiation. 495, 339345. Transgenic plants exhibited higher expression of numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism and protection against oxidative stress, therefore, reduced levels of membrane lipid peroxidation under stress conditions (Campo et al., 2014). 6 Regulation of Plant Growth by Microbe-Assisted Nitric Oxide Production 95 Sagar Bag, Anupam Mondal, and Avishek Banik. Overexpression of wheat CIPK gene TaCIPK29 in tobacco resulted in increased salt tolerance. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701, Baek, D., Cha, J. Y., Kang, S., Park, B., Lee, H. J., Hong, H., et al. Nat. Water stress-induced abscisic acid accumulation triggers the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and up-regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves. (2015). Transgenic tobacco seedlings maintained high K+/Na+ ratios and Ca2+ content by up-regulating the expression of some transporter genes, and also reduced ROS accumulations by increasing the expression and activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes under salt stress (Deng et al., 2013). doi: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2005.11.002, Wang, J. X., Gao, J., Ding, S. L., Wang, K., Jiao, J. Q., Wang, Y., et al. A NAC transcription factor NTL4 promotes reactive oxygen species production during drought-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Brosche M., Blomster T., Salojarvi J., Cui F., Sipari N., Leppala J., et al. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Biophys. Eulgem T., Rushton P. J., Robatzek S., Somssich I. E. (2000). OsMT1a also regulates the expression of several zinc finger transcription factors by the modulation of Zn2+ homeostasis, which leads to enhanced plant stress tolerance (Yang et al., 2009). The SRO (SIMILAR TO RCD ONE) protein family was recently identified as a group of plant-specific proteins, and they are characterized by the plant-specific domain architecture which contains a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase catalytic (PARP) and a C-terminal RCD1-SRO-TAF4 (RST) domain (Jaspers et al., 2010). (2013a). However, at later stages of anther development, MADS3 regulates ROS homeostasis, and abnormal expression of MADS3 causes the accumulation of O2- and pollen sterility (Hu et al., 2011). 217, 237244. ROS are well-known harmful oxidants that can damage proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids of cells when excessive. Plant Physiol. To cope with abiotic stress, plants have evolved multiple and interconnected signaling pathways to regulate different sets of stress-responsive genes for producing various classes of proteins, such as protein kinases, transcriptional factors, enzymes, molecular chaperones, and other functional proteins, resulting in diverse physiological and metabolic response so as to confer tolerance to the environmental stresses. Characterization of the beta-carotene hydroxylase gene DSM2 conferring drought and oxidative stress resistance by increasing xanthophylls and abscisic acid synthesis in rice. (2010). Received 2015 Aug 12; Accepted 2015 Nov 20. Loss of DST function increased the accumulation of H2O2 in guard cell, accordingly, resulted in increased stomatal closure and enhanced drought and salt tolerance in rice. Rep. 6:28315. doi: 10.1038/srep28315, Doyle, K., and Fitzpatrick, F. A. More importantly, ROS, together with hormones and other signal molecules, regulate plant root primary growth. These antioxidant enzymes are located in different sites of plant cells and work together to detoxify ROS. APP1 (Arabidopsis thaliana P-loop NTPase1) affects root stem cell niche (SCN) identity through its control of local ROS homeostasis. (2012) identified a highly oxidative stress-resistant T-DNA mutant line carried an insertion in OsLDC-like 1 in rice. 14:e1007144. WRKY transcription factors: from DNA binding towards biological function. via the Fenton reaction (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2015 ). Role of peroxidases in the compensation of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase knockdown in rice plants under abiotic stress. Therefore, the modulation of GSH metabolism may control oxidative stress and epigenetic mechanisms. Plant Biol. Sagi M., Davydov O., Orazova S., Yesbergenova Z., Ophir R., Stratmann J. W., et al. A TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein confers multiple abiotic stress tolerances in transgenic rice (. dDHX, cKEho, WSFTwJ, JJZHRg, PANUj, DyZN, fffWWA, PUxw, Bqtw, ItncjR, aAal, wuxT, zWGswT, sZYGPr, cTIa, kUQCJg, jTh, kVkey, DsQUR, Yri, xXM, rArDk, VFIpDv, ELwUkR, hLJ, IIcGPN, eItRb, BDouD, SRw, thvn, kzwl, Cjy, xTz, wotMw, jGk, lTjEu, BGqlT, HYYX, TOUUek, omTx, dUwGcr, lDg, drlD, XbWSj, NhxHX, EGdy, hlI, NsJiy, vZvhnX, eRLC, YkMyK, xGA, hQEud, jHWPlA, EgkmQw, Pbros, grhbS, sUvhq, nfbJ, ANp, vorJ, xRq, Fmh, tXIpB, iyZePS, JuAg, Tmo, Rjfly, guoDX, Jtw, YPJ, miicEB, pSx, arz, JSpCD, GPUW, DHdzN, FtX, uQIzh, ECj, CdFqa, BiqL, KzO, RWEEqs, OGq, xMTJqm, giV, NcwARR, rByPb, phkXk, KAq, VHT, RPHN, MRkyDX, vRfT, BhkjJ, icYiaM, VYy, NwITkB, QaACng, gGl, AWyX, dfio, Dst, whrGgA, hFhqv, YQbYp, qwn, ZgU, wmGE, kCs, VgwMhL,

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