In philosophy, the term refers to the belief that all people, as members of the human species, all belong to the same community. Tap dance, disco, jazz dance, swing dance, hip hop dance, the lindy hop with its relationship to rock and roll music and rock and roll dance have had a global influence. . This movement can be performed in different ways while still being recognized as a hip horizontal figure of eight. The Torah, the Psalms, and many other scriptures reference dance: From a Hindu point of view, the whole Universe is being brought into existence as the manifestation of the dance of the Supreme Dancer, Nataraja. One of the earliest structured uses of dances may have been in the performance and in the telling of myths. [8] While traditional music remains popular in the Middle East, modern music reconciling Western and traditional Middle Eastern styles, pop, and fusion are rapidly advancing in popularity. [112], Chambyali dance, ghuraiyan, pahadi nati, Dalshone and Cholamba,jhamakda, Jataru Kayang, Jhoori, Ji, Swang Tegi, Rasa. Dance in India comprises numerous styles of dances, generally classified as classical or folk. In the field of dance, it is the ability of the spectator to simulate, in their mind, and to feel or anticipate the performers movements. The American dancer Ted Shawn wrote; "The conception of rhythm which underlies all studies of the dance is something about which we could talk forever, and still not finish. The interpretivist paradigm is a model for research, which is concerned with how people see the world. Copyright 2021 WorldDanceheritage.org |. [11] In Chinese pottery as early as the Neolithic period, groups of people are depicted dancing in a line holding hands,[12] and the earliest Chinese word for "dance" is found written in the oracle bones. For example, the Dancing Girl sculpture is dated to about 2500 BCE, shows a 10.5 centimetres (4.1in) high figurine in a dance pose. "Revealing the Art of surya-namasjarnatyasastra" by Narayanan Chittoor Namboodiripad, This page was last edited on 26 November 2022, at 08:02. The head of the dance would generally hold a cane or handkerchief.[47][49]. It could be Indian classical, Indian folk dance, belly dancing, jazz, hip hop and everything else you can imagine. [64] Due to its artistic nature, dancers tend to have many hostile self-critical tendencies. Dancers, in general, have a higher risk of suffering from eating disorders than the general public, primarily falling into anorexia nervosa and EDNOS. Nubian dance is a folkloric dance genre from Upper Egypt. [120], Often in movies, the actors don't sing the songs themselves that they dance too, but have another artist sing in the background. Canon is a structure in which a movement is started by one dancer and then repeated identically by subsequent dancers, one after the other. Saidi is a type of Egyptian folkloric dance, originally from Upper Egypt, with a specific rhythm and danced using assaya (sticks in Arabic). A hybrid dance genre is a genre that includes elements from different traditions or cultures, as explained above. The text elaborates various hand-gestures (mudras) and classifies movements of the various limbs, steps and so on. [24][26] Richmond et al. Consequently, professional dancers often must supplement their incomes to achieve financial stability. The qanoun developed out of string instruments described in inscriptions that date to the Assyrian period. Many song-and-dance routines in Indian films feature dramatic shifts of location and/or changes of costume between verses of a song. 'The San Trance Dance: Ritual and Revitalization Among the Farm Bushmen of the Ghanzi District, Republic of Botswana.' Development during slavery. Archeology delivers traces of dance from prehistoric times such as the 5,000-year-old Bhimbetka rock shelters paintings in India and Egyptian tomb paintings depicting dancing Teachers have adapted the spoken rhythmic mnemonic system called bol to the needs of dancers. Dances generally have a characteristic tempo and rhythmic pattern. Dhuliya and Bhawariya, Bihu, Deodhani, Zikirs, Apsara-Sabah.[112]. A dancer performs a "toe rise", in which she rises from a kneeling position to a standing position on the tops of her feet. Further, complex dances composed of a fixed sequence of steps always require phrases and melodies of a certain fixed length to accompany that sequence. [14][15] Primitive dance in ancient China was associated with sorcery and shamanic rituals.[16]. Most of the classical dances of India enact stories from Hindu mythology. 2. Merce Cunningham is considered to be the first choreographer to "develop an independent attitude towards modern dance" and defy the ideas that were established by it. With the introduction of sound to cinema in the film Alam Ara in 1931, choreographed dance sequences became ubiquitous in Hindi and other Indian films. [66][67][68] It has roots in antiquity and developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India. 182784 views. Judgment criteria, in research, are those criteria by which a research projects standards are evaluated. Research indicates that dancers do have greater difficulty controlling their eating habits as a large quantity strive for the art-form's ideal body mass. Since this time, a wide variety of dance styles have been developed; see Modern dance. "Going to the palais: a social and cultural history of dancing and dance halls in Britain, 19181960. Sadir and also sadeer attam, it is the old name of bharathanatyam. [21][22] The Sanskrit verses in chapter 13.2 of Shatapatha Brahmana (800700 BCE), for example, are written in the form of a play between two actors.[23]. Contemporary dancers train using contemporary dance techniques as well as non-dance related practices such as Pilates, Yoga, the acting practice of Corporeal mime - tienne Decroux technique and somatic practices such as Alexander technique,[8] Feldenkrais Method, Sullivan Technique and Franklin-Methode, American contemporary techniques such as Jos Limn technique and Hawkins technique and Postmodern dance techniques such as Contact improvisation and Cunningham technique, and Release technique. [117], Dance and song sequences have been an integral component of films across the country. [60] Major types of dance competitions include: There are numerous dance competition shows presented on television and other mass media outlets including, NBC's World Of Dance, NBC's Dancing With Myself, Dancing With The Stars, etc. Dance footwear can be potentially both supportive and or restrictive to the movement of the dancer. Choreography is the design of a dance piece; all the sequences of steps, patterns, and movements, which make up a dance piece and which can be repeated the same or in a similar way in different performances of the same piece. Lasya in bharathanatyam it is grace, which adds quality to the technique. Dance styles fusing classical ballet technique with African-American dance have also appeared in the 21st century, including Hiplet. Archaeological evidence for early dance includes 10,000-year-old paintings in Madhya Pradesh, India at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka,[7] and Egyptian tomb paintings depicting dancing figures, dated c. 3300 BC. During the reign of Louis XIV, himself a dancer, dance became more codified. [119] As notcias de ltima hora disponveis em acesso livre em video on demande. Vol. The interpretivist paradigm is a model for research, which is concerned with how people see the world. Martial arts in various cultures can be performed in dance-like settings for various reasons, such as for evoking ferocity in preparation for battle or showing off skill in a more stylized manner. In qualitative research, triangulation consists in the practice of using more than one method of research to answer the research questions, thus giving a more rounded view of an issue. The evidence of earliest dance related texts are in Natasutras, which are mentioned in the text of Panini, the sage who wrote the classic on Sanskrit grammar, and who is dated to about 500 BCE. In terms of the focus of its technique, contemporary dance tends to combine the strong but controlled legwork of ballet with modern that stresses on torso. Kinaesthetic empathy is the ability to understand other peoples emotion by watching their movements. [6][8], The tradition of dance has been codified in the Natyashastra and a performance is considered accomplished if it manages to evoke a rasa (emotion) among the audience by invoking a particular bhava(gesture or facial expression). [67] With TikTok's easy accessibility to a variety of different filters and special effects, the app made filming yourself dancing to music a fun and easy past time. Even a solo dance may be undertaken solely for the satisfaction of the dancer. [128], Sangeet Natak Akademi organizes dance festivals around India.[129]. In Sparta, a province of ancient Greece, the law compelled parents to exercise their children in dancing from the age of five years. Additionally, contemporary dance sometimes incorporates elements of non-western dance cultures, such as elements from African dance including bent knees, or movements from the Japanese contemporary dance, Butoh.[4][5]. Each ethnic group has its own distinct combination of myths, legends, tales, proverbs, riddles, ballads, folk songs, folk dance, and folk music.[110]. In the U.S. many professional dancers belong to unions (such as the American Guild of Musical Artists, Screen Actors Guild and Actors' Equity Association) that establish working conditions and minimum salaries for their members. 184053 views. In the field of dance, habitus explains how a specific dance tradition can incorporate certain ways of moving, which are typical of the everyday body language of the population that gave origin to that dance culture. ", This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 01:43. Professional dancers began to take the place of court amateurs, and ballet masters were licensed by the French government. Dadariya, panthi,suaa, kaksar, maria, shaila, gondi, gaur,karma,sarhul,raut nacha, danda nacha, gerhi, thiski, bar, relo, muriya, Sugga, Banjaara (Lehangi), Matki Dance, Phul Patti Dance, Grida Dance. [3] Unpredictable changes in rhythm, speed, and direction are often used, as well. In the 1920s, important founders of the new style such as Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey began their work. During 2020, TikTok dances offered an escape for isolated individuals to play and connect with one another through virtual format. The riq (a type of tambourine) and finger cymbals add a higher rhythmic line to rhythm laid down with sticks, clappers, and other drums. A Turkish influence comes from the mey, which has a large double reed. Cunningham formed the Merce Cunningham Dance Company in 1953 and went on to create more than one hundred and fifty works for the company, many of which have been performed internationally by ballet and modern dance companies. Legend has it that Farabi played qanoun in court and alternately made people laugh, cry, or fall asleep. Dances in Indian films, like Bollywood Dance for Hindi films, are often noted for freeform expression of dance and hold a significant presence in popular culture of the Indian subcontinent. Many early forms of music and dance were created for each other and are frequently performed together. [107], Sanskrit literature of medieval times describes several forms of group dances such as Hallisaka, Rasaka, Dand Rasaka and Charchari. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. Throughout the history of Christianity, several denominations and independent congregations prohibited social dancing for various reasons;[4] however, dance has always been a part of the social life of many Christians. [91] The themes played relate to Krishna and Radha, sometimes other Vishnu avatars such as Rama and Sita. Music pervades Middle Eastern societies. [10] The Bible and Talmud refer to many events related to dance, and contain over 30 different dance terms. Mussoll, Dulpod or Durpod, Kunnbi-Geet, Amon, Shigmo, Fugdi, and Dhalo. breakdance, galement appel break dance, break, breaking, breakdancing, b-boying terme privilgi aux tats-Unis est un style de danse dvelopp New York dans les annes 1970, caractris par ses mouvements de corps saccads, son aspect acrobatique et ses figures au sol. For example, American Tribal Belly Dance (created in the USA in the 1980s) incorporates elements from a variety of dance cultures but it is a distinct genre, with its own movement vocabulary and aesthetics. [10], "Concordia University Contemporary Dance Program", The Juilliard School - Dance Division - Curriculum Outline, "Ideal Mechanization: Exploring the Machine Metaphor through Theory and Performance", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_dance&oldid=1114882219, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Contemporary dance does refuse the classical ballet's leg technique in favour of modern dance's stress on the torso, Choreography that appears disordered, but nevertheless relies on technique, Unpredictable changes in rhythm, speed, and direction, Suspension of perspective and symmetry in ballet scenic frame perspective such as front, center, and hierarchies, Innovative lighting, sets, and costumes in collaboration with, This page was last edited on 8 October 2022, at 19:19. The three main categories of kabuki are jidaimono (historical), sewamono (domestic) and shosagoto (dance pieces). Hybridism is the result of mixing together elements that were previously separate. The dancer acts out a story almost exclusively through gestures. [11][12], A folk Indian dance is one which is largely an oral tradition,[13] whose traditions have been historically learnt and mostly passed down from one generation to the next through word of mouth and casual joint practice. Digital Journal is a digital media news network with thousands of Digital Journalists in 200 countries around the world. This is often accompanied with banners, ribbons and, instruments. Thus, kinaesthetic empathy can help explain how dance transmits emotions through movement. A latin ballroom couple perform a Samba routine at a dancesport event. [100][101], Mohiniyattam developed in the state of Kerala, gets its name from Mohini the seductress avatar of Vishnu, who in Hindu mythology uses her charms to help the good prevail in a battle between good and evil. Other forms of human movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, cheerleading, figure skating, synchronized swimming, marching bands, and many other forms of athletics. It was also sometimes used to show feelings for one of the opposite gender. "Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World". They would include dabke, tamzara, Assyrian folk dance, Kurdish dance, Armenian dance and Turkish dance, among others. Indian mythologies play significant part in dance forms of countries in South East Asia, an example being the performances based on Ramayana in Javanese dances. [85], Sattriya is a classical dance-drama performance art with origins in the Krishna-centered Vaishnavism monasteries of Assam, and attributed to the 15th century Bhakti movement scholar and saint named Srimanta Sankardev. [49][50][51] In the post-colonial period, it has grown to become the most popular classical Indian dance style in India and abroad, and is considered to be synonymous with Indian dance by many foreigners unaware of the diversity of dances and performance arts in Indian culture. [124], Major cities in India now have numerous schools that offer lessons in dances such as Odissi, Bharatanatyam, and these cities host hundreds of shows every year. Below I list some terms and their definitions, from various genres, for dance enthusiasts who are willing to find out more. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp. They encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing and being, in an extremely broad range of media.Both highly dynamic and a characteristically constant feature of human life, they have developed into innovative, stylized and sometimes intricate forms. [14] A semi-classical Indian dance is one that contains a classical imprint but has become a folk dance and lost its texts or schools. Members of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. The darbuka is used primarily in Egypt, and it has its roots in ancient Egypt. A typical dance competition for younger pre-professional dancers can last anywhere between two to four days, depending whether it is a regional or national competition. North American styles like Los Angeles salsa and New York salsa typically break on the first or second beats and dancers may perform in a line. Since some such movements require more time in one phase than the other such as the longer time required to lift a hammer than to strike some dance rhythms fall equally naturally into triple metre. Ed. Dance challenges have become a popular form of content across many social media platforms including TikTok. Most popular of the stringed instruments is the oud, a pear-shaped lute that traditionally had four strings, although current instruments have up to six courses consisting of one or two strings each. To lead a successful career, it is advantageous to be versatile in many styles of dance, have a strong technical background and to use other forms of physical training to remain fit and healthy. Both this and expressive dance (nritya), though, are closely tied to the rhythmic system (tala). Street dance a Breakdancer performs a handstand trick. Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. [9], References to dance can be found in very early recorded history; Greek dance (horos) is referred to by Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch and Lucian. Contemporary dances include refined and experimental fusions of classical, folk and Western forms. The Sangeet Natak Akademi currently confers classical status on eight Indian classical dance styles: Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathak (North, West and Central India), Kathakali (Kerala), Kuchipudi (Andhra), Odissi (Odisha), Manipuri (Manipur), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), and Sattriya (Assam). Nathalie Comte. This way, you would explore the dance movements, as well as its history, and the perceptions and experiences of that dance tradition by those who practise it. An example of hybridism in dance is Chinese ballet (such as the National Ballet of China), which mixes elements of European and Russian ballet with Chinese cultural elements. Before the production of written languages, dance was one of the methods of passing these stories down from generation to generation. dance) "is to designate movement in space, to interpret long time-values by slow movements and short ones by quick movements, regulate pauses by their divers successions and express sound accentuations in their multiple nuances by additions of bodily weight, by means of muscular innervations". [13] Dance is further described in the Lshi Chunqiu. [1], India has a number of classical Indian dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. In a Greek line Zeus himself is represented as dancing. The various nations of the region include the Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East, the Iranian traditions of Persia, the Jewish music of Israel and the diaspora, Armenian music, Kurdish music, Azeri Music, the varied traditions of Cypriot music, the music of Turkey, traditional Assyrian music, Coptic ritual music in Egypt as well as other genres of Egyptian music in general, and "CHURCH FATHERS: Protoevangelium of James", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_in_mythology_and_religion&oldid=1105686162, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1 Kings 18:26 (The act of celebrating a false god is condemned here), This page was last edited on 21 August 2022, at 08:26. It developed further with the Vaisakhi festival of the Sikhs. The rhythmic elements, which are abstract and technical, are known as nritta. The songs are typically in Malayalam-Sanskrit hybrid called Manipravala. The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing These dances are composed mostly on locally made instruments. Angasuddha in bharathanatyam is the clarity of line and shape. Whereas kinemes are units of movement that are distinct from one another, an allokine is a variation on the same movement. There are many ways to do accents in dance, depending on the genre. Side is in Morris dance terminology, it is a troupe, a group of dancers. Handur Basu their pseudo-war dance expresses their strength and solidarity.[111]. A war dance is a dance involving mock combat, usually in reference to tribal warrior societies where such dances were performed as a ritual connected with endemic warfare. Zar is an Egyptian rhythm used for a type of trance dance, with the same name. As in abstract painting, it is assumed that an element (a movement, a sound, a change of light) is in and of itself expressive; what it communicates is in large part determined by the observer themselves." Mantenha-se ao corrente das ltimas notcias da poltica europeia, da economia e do desporto na euronews Ipod Movies For Free. It is widely known both as a style of music and a dance. Flutes are also a common woodwind instrument in ensembles. [1] As with other aspects of Indian culture, different forms of dances originated in different parts of India, developed according to the local traditions and also imbibed elements from other parts of the country. 5 Dancers Time Management Tips Do You Also Struggle to Find Time To Dance? [127] Many innovations and developments in modern practice of classical Indian dances, states Anne-Marie Geston, are of a quasi-religious type. A dancer can decided to reflect some of the accents he/she hears, with the body. In the Philippines, the Sublia devotional dance of the Catholic Tagalogs in Batangas Provincehonours the True Cross. Members of the court nobility took part as performers. Natyashastra is the most ancient and the most elaborate scripture describing every element and aspect of this sacred art-worship. Some Charismatics practice prophetic dance, a religious practice in which practitioners believe they are representing what the Lord is doing through their movements. elements from different eras). Ardhamandali is one of the basic bharathanatyam positions, in which the feet and bent knees are placed sideways, in a sort of demi-plie. Therefore, a cosmopolitan refuses to be defined by a nation of belonging. Paul Taylor developed a dance technique called Taylor technique, which is now taught at modern dance schools like The Ailey School in New York City. Erotic dance a pole dancer performs a routine. [80], Odissi originated in the Hindu temples of Odisha an eastern coastal state of India. The term triangulation is often used in quantitative research to compare a set of data against another, thus achieving more reliable results. If you love dance, this site is for you! They would make rhythmic moves with their legs and shoulders as they curve around the dance floor. [26], mile Jaques-Dalcroze, primarily a musician and teacher, relates how a study of the physical movements of pianists led him "to the discovery that musical sensations of a rhythmic nature call for the muscular and nervous response of the whole organism", to develop "a special training designed to regulate nervous reactions and effect a co-ordination of muscles and nerves" and ultimately to seek the connections between "the art of music and the art of dance", which he formulated into his system of eurhythmics. Their jubilees were always attended with hymn-singing and dancing. I have created this site to talk about dance heritage around the world. Ballet class of young girls wearing leotards and skirts in 2017, Performing art consisting of movement of the body, "Dancer" and "Dancing" redirect here. Dance in India comprises numerous styles of dances, generally classified as classical or folk. Raqs sharqi, also spelt raks sharki, it literally means oriental dance in Arabic and it refers to a specific form of belly dance, which mixes traditional Middle Eastern dance movements with western dance influences such as ballet and ballroom dances. Morris dance is a traditional folkloric dance from Great Britain. Arangetram is the debut of a bharathanatyam dancer, the first time she performs once the teacher decides that she is ready. [73][74][75] Kuchipudi largely developed as a Hindu god Krishna-oriented Vaishnavism tradition,[76] and it is most closely related to Bhagavata Mela performance art found in Tamil Nadu, [70] which itself has originated from Andhra Pradesh. They have shaabi music in Egypt and Morocco, for example, each with its own type of music and dance associated with it. [55], Professional dancers are usually employed on contract or for particular performances or productions. [64] Stylistically, the Kathak dance form emphasizes rhythmic foot movements, adorned with small bells (Ghungroo), the movement harmonized to the music, the legs and torso are generally straight, and the story is told through a developed vocabulary based on the gestures of arms and upper body movement, facial expressions, stage movements, bends and turns. [59][61] It transitioned, adapted and integrated the tastes and Persian arts influence in the Mughal courts of the 16th and 17th century, was ridiculed and declined in the colonial British era,[51][62] then was reborn as India gained independence. The widespread use of the oud led to many variations on the instrument, including the saz, a Turkish long-necked lute that remains very popular in Turkey. [38][39] All classical dances of India have roots in Hindu arts and religious practices. Notable examples of traditional dance/music couplings include the jig, waltz, tango, disco, and salsa. The arts are a very wide range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling and cultural participation. Ed. Finally, the celebrations of Carnival and Mardi Gras feature dance. [16], Geographical varieties of the music in the Arabic-speaking regions of the Middle East, Geographical varieties of the music in the Middle East that is not in the Arabic language. 257246 views. Gymnast Falls On Head. In qualitative research, for instance, instead of talking about validity, objectivity and reliability we can talk about verisimilitude (i.e. [53][54][55] This classical dance form is another "story play" genre of art, but one distinguished by its elaborately colorful make-up, costumes and face masks wearing actor-dancers, who have traditionally been all males. Bharathanatyam). Residential & Business NBN plans, provided by iiNet.. All of Netspaces former Residential and Business customers are now a part of the iiNet group, the leading challenger in the Australia telecommunications market. [93][95][96] However, the dance is also performed to themes related to Shaivism, Shaktism. Hi Im Dr Valeria Lo Iacono. [34][35], Classical dance of India has developed a type of dance-drama that is a form of a total theater. Pizzica is a popular dance genre, originally from the region of Puglia, in Southern Italy. [18][19][20], The Vedas integrate rituals with performance arts, such as a dramatic play, where not only praises to gods were recited or sung, but the dialogues were part of a dramatic representation and discussion of spiritual themes. The purpose of dance competitions is to provide a fun and educative place for dancers and give them the opportunity to perform their choreographed routines from their current dance season onstage. Xfire video game news covers all the biggest daily gaming headlines. Some dance (such as tap dance) may provide its own audible accompaniment in place of (or in addition to) music. [6][7][8], Folk dances are numerous in number and style and vary according to the local tradition of the respective state, ethnic or geographic regions. 223011 views. Some involve very slight movement with a groovier edge to it, while others involve elevated and vigorous involvement of limbs. They celebrate contemporary events, victories and are often performed as a mode of appeasing the tribal deities. Classical dance is distinguished from folk dance because it has been regulated by the rules of the Natyashastra and all classical dances are performed only in accordance with them. Commonly seen in performers, it is likely that a variety of individuals may be resistant to concepts of self-compassion. Hindu epics such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata and also the Panji became the inspiration to be shown in a dance-drama called "Sendratari" resembling "ballet" in the western tradition. Stage dance a professional dancer at the Bolshoi Theatre, A nineteenth century artist's representation of a Flamenco dancer. [121], Since India's independence from colonial rule, numerous schools have opened to further education, training and socialization through dance classes,[122][123] or simply a means to exercise and fitness. The same goes for dance research. I try with belly dance, yes, it is difficult, but isnt than ballet. 4 days ago. Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is typically breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream.Most commonly, the substance used is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant, which have been rolled into a small rectangle of rolling paper to create a small, round cylinder called a cigarette.Smoking is primarily practised as a Shawn quotes with approval the statement of Dalcroze that, while the art of musical rhythm consists in differentiating and combining time durations, pauses and accents "according to physiological law", that of "plastic rhythm" (i.e. The religious affiliation affects the content of the songs and hence the actions in a dance sequence. Percussion instruments feature in most of these dances. the things we like) and our body language (i.e. Musical accompaniment, therefore, arose in the earliest dance, so that ancient Egyptians attributed the origin of the dance to the divine Athotus, who was said to have observed that music accompanying religious rituals caused participants to move rhythmically and to have brought these movements into proportional measure. [32] The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters. The costumes vary from traditional saris of a particular pattern to skirts and blouses with mirror work for women and corresponding dhotis and upper-wear for men. 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