She is a major deity in modern Neopagan religions, including the Church of Aphrodite, Wicca, and Hellenismos. [167][169] Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite,[167][170] the goddess brought the statue to life. The symbol for retrograde motion is , a capital 'R' with a tail stroke. As such, he was intimately connected with the pre-historic office of king - whose chief emblem of power and primary sacrificial animal was the horse. Hesiod says that the Muses were daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Mnemosyne, the Goddess of Memory; most authors seem to agree with him.However, two ancient lyric poets, claim otherwise: according to Theognis, their father was indeed Zeus, but their mother was actually Harmonia, while according to Alcman, the Muses were, in fact, [178] Poseidon sends a wild bull to scare Hippolytus's horses as he is riding by the sea in his chariot, causing the horses to bolt and smash the chariot against the cliffs, dragging Hippolytus to a bloody death across the rocky shoreline. T.B.L. [196][197] For Helios' own tale-telling, she cursed him with uncontrollable lust over the mortal princess Leucothoe, which led to him abandoning his then-lover Clytie, leaving her heartbroken. Therefore, Aphrodite turned them into the world's first prostitutes. Though married to Hephaestus, Aphrodite had an affair with Ares, the god of war. [205] This woman was Helen, who was already married to King Menelaus of Sparta. and are used by the popular open-source astrological software Astrolog, as well as being used less consistently by commercial programs. [256] The original sculpture has been lost,[252][254] but written descriptions of it as well several depictions of it on coins are still extant[257][252][254] and over sixty copies, small-scale models, and fragments of it have been identified. Nevertheless, Hephaestus domain over fire goes back to Homers Iliad, where he uses flames to dry the waters of Scamandrus river and force its homonym deity, who was attacking Achilles, to retreat. Zeus () is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter. As a smithing god, Hephaestus made all the weapons of the gods in Olympus. [165] According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he refused to marry. He controls the oceans and the seas,[5] and he also created horses. [35] The following list by no means exhaustive and confines itself to bodies that are in Unicode or are mentioned by Unicode proposals. Aphrodite cursed him with falling in love with his own mother. She was a daughter of Nereus and Doris (or Oceanus and Tethys). Major planets discovered in the modern era, Text format can be forced by appending the character U+FE0E to the sign, Emoji format can be forced by appending the character U+FE0F to the sign, "Symbols for large trans-Neptunian objects", "The Medical Examiner, and record of medical science", "Glyphs of the general astrological and Uranian planets", "Proposal to add some Western Astrology Symbols to the UCS", "Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols", "L2/16-064: Extra Symbols from Uranian Astrology", "L2/17-020R2: Feedback on Extra Aspect Symbols for Astrology", "L2/16-174R: Extra Aspect Symbols for Astrology", "Glyphs and keywords for asteroids (often different from the astronomical ones)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrological_symbols&oldid=1125781700, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Derived from the Greek letters , an abbreviation of, Body and head of a goat with the tail of a fish, Perhaps a copper hand mirror with handle or necklace with pendant; cross added in 16th c. (see. [309][bettersourceneeded]. [247] According to Athenaeus, Apelles was inspired to paint the painting after watching the courtesan Phryne take off her clothes, untie her hair, and bathe naked in the sea at Eleusis. [4] Zeus and Dione shared a cult at Dodona in northwestern Greece. [237][238] (In fact, the ancient Greek word for "dove", perister, may be derived from a Semitic phrase pera Itar, meaning "bird of Ishtar". When the truth was revealed, he had to leave the country and took part in colonization of Crete and the lands in Asia Minor. [34][49] Other cult statues showed her bound in chains. In Greek mythology, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of fire, blacksmiths and metalworking. For Uranus, two variant symbols are seen. [198], Lysippe was the mother of Tanais by Berossos. As punishment, Poseidon buried them in the island's sea-caverns. The Goddess is leaning with her left arm (the hand is missing) against a figure of Priapus standing, naked and bearded, positioned on a small cylindrical altar while, next to her left thigh, there is a tree trunk over which the garment of the Goddess is folded. Aphrodite was frequently unfaithful to him and had many lovers; in the Odyssey, she is caught in the act of adultery with Ares, the god of war. [296] Many of these poems dealt with Aphrodite's legendary birth from the foam of the sea. Deor. All rights reserved. 22 Oct. 2015. [128] The Charites had been worshipped as goddesses in Greece since the beginning of Greek history, long before Aphrodite was introduced to the pantheon. [120] In his Theogony, Hesiod describes Eros as one of the four original primeval forces born at the beginning of time,[120] but, after the birth of Aphrodite from the sea foam, he is joined by Himeros and, together, they become Aphrodite's constant companions. Pelagia". [149] Driven out after becoming pregnant, Myrrha was changed into a myrrh tree, but still gave birth to Adonis. deg. These girls by the wrath of Aphrodite (reasons unknown) cohabited with foreigners and ended their life in Egypt. This page was last edited on 5 December 2022, at 20:33. [13], The modern astrological form of the symbol for Vesta, , was created by Eleanor Bach,[14] who is credited with pioneering the use of the big four asteroids with the publication of her Ephemerides of the Asteroids in the early 1970s. [40][41] Most modern scholars have now rejected the notion of a purely Indo-European Aphrodite,[6][42][16][43] but it is possible that Aphrodite, originally a Semitic deity, may have been influenced by the Indo-European dawn goddess. A similar wrestling scene shows Peleus and Thetis, often accompanied by a host of small animal icons representing her metamorphoses. Gauss decided to name the planet for the goddess Vesta, and also specified that the symbol should be the altar of the goddess with the sacred fire burning on it. Ross Scaife. [295] Other feminist writers, including Claude Cahun, Thit Jensen, and Anas Nin also made use of the myth of Aphrodite in their writings. [5] A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols.[5]. Each one of these Old Men is the father or grandfather of many nymphs and/or monsters, who often bear names that are either metaphorical (Thetis, "establishment"; Telesto, "success") or geographical (Rhode from "Rhodes"; Nilos, "Nile"). in Dian. Analytics cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously. Goddess of fortune and prosperity. Pontus is the primordial deity of the sea. The provenance of the staff of office is recounted in. In classical Athens, Poseidon was remembered as both the opponent and doublet of Erechtheus, the first king of Athens. In the latter account, Hephaestus is there represented as older than Athena, so the mythology of Hephaestus is inconsistent in this respect. [239] In addition to her associations with doves, Aphrodite was also closely linked with sparrows[236] and she is described riding in a chariot pulled by sparrows in Sappho's "Ode to Aphrodite". [101] Likewise, in Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite is unmarried and the wife of Hephaestus is Aglaea, the youngest of the three Charites. [72][73][71], Scholars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries believed that the cult of Aphrodite may have involved ritual prostitution,[73][71] an assumption based on ambiguous passages in certain ancient texts, particularly a fragment of a skolion by the Boeotian poet Pindar,[74] which mentions prostitutes in Corinth in association with Aphrodite. There are two major conflicting stories for Aphrodite's origins: Most sources describe Medusa as the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, though the author, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Classical mythology in western art and literature, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_aquatic_deities&oldid=1126582783, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Articles needing additional references from October 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles that may contain original research from April 2010, All articles that may contain original research, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Heinz-Gnther Nesselrath (2005). [260][261][262] In the Early Middle Ages, Christians adapted elements of Aphrodite/Venus's iconography and applied them to Eve and prostitutes,[261] but also female saints and even the Virgin Mary. Pluto, like Uranus, has multiple symbols in use. [270] The story of Aphrodite's birth from the foam was a popular subject matter for painters during the Italian Renaissance,[271] who were attempting to consciously reconstruct Apelles of Kos's lost masterpiece Aphrodite Anadyomene based on the literary ekphrasis of it preserved by Cicero and Pliny the Elder. [9][10] More recently, Michael Janda, also accepting Hesiod's etymology, has argued in favor of the latter of these interpretations and claims the story of a birth from the foam as an Indo-European mytheme. In fleeing from an ardent suitor, Eurydice escaped his clutches, only to be bitten by a deadly, venomous serpent. , The number of vacant houses are increasing due to the COVID-19 pandemic., a pandemic outbreak of malaria, Recently, that disease was pandemic in 1998., (())(widespread), , (general), (an epidemic that is geographically widespread). The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. , , Weblio, Weblio, Weblio, Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Hypatia: Or, New Foes with an Old Face. 11. The theme of the return of Hephaestus, popular among the Attic vase-painters whose wares were favored among the Etruscans, may have introduced this theme to Etruria. [62][63] During this festival, the priests of Aphrodite would purify the temple of Aphrodite Pandemos on the southwestern slope of the Acropolis with the blood of a sacrificed dove. [26][24][25] Pausanias states that the first to establish a cult of Aphrodite were the Assyrians, followed by the Paphians of Cyprus and then the Phoenicians at Ascalon. Academic Search Complete. [112], Later stories were invented to explain Aphrodite's marriage to Hephaestus. [282] Though he was reproached for his outr subject matter,[282] Rossetti refused to alter the painting and it was soon purchased by J. Mitchell of Bradford. [241] The rose and myrtle flowers were both sacred to Aphrodite. [103] Hephaestus brought all the gods into the bedchamber to laugh at the captured adulterers,[104] but Apollo, Hermes, and Poseidon had sympathy for Ares[105] and Poseidon agreed to pay Hephaestus for Ares's release. At the same time, man's (always partial) mastery over the dangerous sea was one of the most potent marks of human skill and achievement. [7] The medieval Etymologicum Magnum (c.1150) offers a highly contrived etymology, deriving Aphrodite from the compound habrodaitos (), "she who lives delicately", from habrs and daita. [107] In a much later interpolated detail, Ares put the young soldier Alectryon, by their door to warn them of Helios's arrival as Helios would tell Hephaestus of Aphrodite's infidelity if the two were discovered, but Alectryon fell asleep on guard duty. Hephaestus states in The Odyssey that he would return Aphrodite to her father and demand back his bride price. Copyright 2022 JILI. [140] She prophesies that their son will be the demigod Aeneas, who will be raised by the nymphs of the wilderness for five years before going to Troy to become a nobleman like his father. [150], Aphrodite found the baby and took him to the underworld to be fostered by Persephone. [97], Aphrodite is consistently portrayed as a nubile, infinitely desirable adult, having had no childhood. Olbers, having previously discovered and named one new planet (as the asteroids were then classified), gave Gauss the honor of naming his newest discovery. The Sanctuary of Aphrodite Paphia, marking her birthplace, was a place of pilgrimage in the ancient world for centuries. p.330; Dict. [] In Two Volumes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA). [300][301] The Church of Aphrodite's theology was laid out in the book In Search of Reality, published in 1969, two years before Botkin's death. He designed Hermes' winged helmet and sandals, the Aegis breastplate, Aphrodite's famed girdle, Agamemnon's staff of office,[12] Achilles' armour, Diomedes' cuirass, Heracles' bronze clappers, Helios' chariot, the shoulder of Pelops, and Eros's bow and arrows. Academic Search Complete. [156], In Hesiod's Works and Days, Zeus orders Aphrodite to make Pandora, the first woman, physically beautiful and sexually attractive,[157] so that she may become "an evil men will love to embrace". [57] Hesiod references it once in his Theogony in the context of Aphrodite's birth,[58] but interprets it as "genital-loving" rather than "smile-loving". Artemisia I of Caria (Ancient Greek: ; fl. She fought as an ally of Xerxes I, King of Persia [297] Ever since the publication of Isabel Allende's book Aphrodite: A Memoir of the Senses in 1998, the name "Aphrodite" has been used as a title for dozens of books dealing with all topics even superficially connected to her domain. [161][162] Atalanta was an exceedingly swift runner and she beheaded all of the men who lost to her. In the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, she seduces the mortal shepherd Anchises. [245] In Greek art, Aphrodite is often also accompanied by dolphins and Nereids. Inanna is an ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, war, and fertility. The Moirae were the three ancient Greek goddesses of fate who personified the inescapable destiny of man. She is also associated with beauty, sex, divine justice, and political power.She was originally worshiped in Sumer under the name "Inanna", and later by the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians under the name "Ishtar". [138] Anchises takes Aphrodite, with her eyes cast downwards, to his bed, which is covered in the furs of lions and bears. [215] Zeus chides her for putting herself in danger,[215][216] reminding her that "her specialty is love, not war. Used mostly by those that follow the, Pluto's orbit crossing that of Neptune. [139] He then strips her naked and makes love to her. Greece & Rome, 52, pp 153171 doi:10.1093/gromej/cxi003. [19][7][20] This would make the theonym in origin an honorific, "the lady". 22 Oct. 2015. Her Roman equivalent is Discordia, which means the same.Eris's Greek opposite is Harmonia, whose Roman counterpart is Concordia. Hphaistos) is the Greek god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire (compare, however, with Hestia), and volcanoes. [32][33] He also mentions that Aphrodite's most ancient cult statues in Sparta and on Cythera showed her bearing arms. [69] References to Aphrodite in association with prostitution are found in Corinth as well as on the islands of Cyprus, Cythera, and Sicily. [58] Other common literary epithets are Cypris and Cythereia,[59] which derive from her associations with the islands of Cyprus and Cythera respectively. In ancient Greek mythology, Amphitrite (/ m f t r a t i /; Greek: , translit. According to Pliny, the stone was red and was reflecting images like a mirror, and when boiling water poured over it cooled immediately or alternatively when it placed in the sun it immediately set fire to a parched substance. See further at pandemic (etymology 1). Amphitrt) was the goddess of the sea, the queen of the sea, and the wife of Poseidon. Thus Cape Tanaerum, the point at which mainland Greece juts most sharply into the Mediterranean, was at once an important sailor's landmark, a shrine of Poseidon, and the point at which Orpheus and Heracles were said to have entered Hades. In keeping with the mythic equation between horsemanship and seamanship, the equestrian heroes Castor and Pollux were invoked by sailors against shipwreck. [49] In Athens, she was known as Aphrodite en kopois ("Aphrodite of the Gardens"). Timandra deserted Echemus and went and came to Phyleus and Clytaemnestra deserted Agamemnon and lay with Aegisthus who was a worse mate for her and eventually killed her husband with her lover and finally, Helen of Troy deserted Menelaus under the influence of Aphrodite for Paris and her unfaitfulness eventually causes the War of Troy. I will put the date of my seventy-five years on it and afterwards I will never again pick up my brush. [citation needed] Because Harmonia was conceived during Aphrodite's marriage to Hephaestus, for revenge, on Harmonia's wedding day to Cadmus Hephaestus gifted her with a finely worked but cursed necklace that brought immense suffering to her descendants, culminating with the story of Oedipus.[39]. Zeus Moiragetes, the god of fate, was their leader.The Moirai were described Athena is sometimes thought to be the "soulmate" of Hephaestus. [21], It was Ares who undertook the task of fetching Hephaestus at first, but he was threatened by the fire god with torches. [217] In Book XIV of the Iliad, during the Dios Apate episode, Aphrodite lends her kestos himas to Hera for the purpose of seducing Zeus and distracting him from the combat while Poseidon aids the Greek forces on the beach. Hymn. [201] Only Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited. He was represented in the temple of Athena Chalcioecus (Athena of the Bronze House[42]) at Sparta, in the act of delivering his mother;[43] on the chest of Cypselus, giving Achilles's armor to Thetis;[44] and at Athens there was the famous statue of Hephaestus by Alcamenes, in which his physical disability was only subtly portrayed. [174] Instead, their husbands started having sex with their Thracian slave-girls. "rainbow," Ancient Greek: ) is a daughter of the gods Thaumas and Electra, the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the gods, a servant to the Olympians and especially Queen Hera. [167][170] Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions "Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus". L. G. Eldridge (1917) An Unpublished Calpis. [141][142], The myth of Aphrodite and Adonis is probably derived from the ancient Sumerian legend of Inanna and Dumuzid. In another possible echo of this archaic association, the chief ritual of Atlantis, according to Plato's Critias, was a nocturnal horse-sacrifice offered to Poseidon[8] by the kings of the imagined island power. [253][254] The Aphrodite of Knidos was the first full-sized statue to depict Aphrodite completely naked[255] and one of the first sculptures that was intended to be viewed from all sides. [151] In a semi-mocking work, the Dialogues of the Gods, the satirical author Lucian comedically relates how a frustrated Aphrodite complains to the moon goddess Selene about her son Eros making Persephone fall in love with Adonis and now she has to share him with her. >eyerabend, Paul. Represent employers and employees in labour disputes, We accept appointments from employers to preside as chairpersons at misconduct tribunals, incapacity tribunals, grievance tribunals and retrenchment proceedings, To earn the respect of the general public, colleagues and peers in our our profession as Labour Attorneys, The greatest reward is the positive change we have the power to bring to the people we interact with in our profession as Labour Attorneys, Website Terms and Conditions |Privacy Policy | Cookie Policy|Sitemap |SA Covid 19 Website, This website uses cookies to improve your experience. [203] In the extant ancient depictions of the Judgement of Paris, Aphrodite is only occasionally represented nude, and Athena and Hera are always fully clothed. P for Pholus and N for Nessus, or dedicated Unicode characters like U+2BDB PHOLUS and U+2BDC NESSUS. In some myths, Hephaestus built himself a "wheeled chair" or chariot with which to move around, thus helping support his mobility while demonstrating his skill to the other gods. [257], The Greek painter Apelles of Kos, a contemporary of Praxiteles, produced the panel painting Aphrodite Anadyomene (Aphrodite Rising from the Sea). Opposition with eclipse, or (rarely) any body in the shadow of the other. Copyright 2022 Cross Language Inc. All Right Reserved. The law states that we can store cookies on your device if they are strictly necessary for the operation of this site. [63][64][65], At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis he gave a knife as a wedding present. [91], The minor planet 2212 Hephaistos discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh was named in Hephaestus' honour.[92]. 16263; Vulkan 1995, n. 53, pp. The range of Greek sea deities of Academic Search Complete. [46] The Greeks frequently placed miniature statues of Hephaestus near their hearths, and these figures are the oldest of all his representations. Leucippus, failing to recognize his father at first, slew him. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2015): 1. [159] Aphrodite's attendants, Peitho, the Charites, and the Horae, adorn Pandora with gold and jewelry. [80], Hephaestus's appearance and physical disability are taken by some to represent peripheral neuropathy and skin cancer resulting from arsenicosis caused by arsenic exposure from metalworking. [52] The character of Pausanias in Plato's Symposium, takes differing cult-practices associated with different epithets of the goddess to claim that Ourania and Pandemos are, in fact, separate goddesses. [199], According to Hyginus, At the behest of Zeus, Orpheus's mother, the Muse Calliope, judged the dispute between the goddesses Aphrodite and Persephone over Adonis and decided that both shall possess him half of the year. [251], In c.364/361 BC, the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles carved the marble statue Aphrodite of Knidos,[252][248] which Pliny the Elder later praised as the greatest sculpture ever made. The return of Hephaestus was painted on the Etruscan tomb at the "Grotta Campana" near. [286], Aphrodite appears in Richard Garnett's short story collection The Twilight of the Gods and Other Tales (1888),[288] in which the gods' temples have been destroyed by Christians. [39] It adds eight fictitious trans-Neptunian planets to the normal ones used by western astrologers:[39], In astrology, an aspect is an angle the planets make to each other in the horoscope, also to the ascendant, midheaven, descendant, lower midheaven, and other points of astrological interest. Anteros was originally born from the sea alongside Aphrodite; only later became her son. In the most famous story, Zeus hastily married Aphrodite to Hephaestus in order to prevent the other gods from fighting over her. Deity Description Aphrodite (, Aphrodit) . 233, xxiii. With the help of Apollo, Orestes was able to make it to Athena and begged for her help. The Greeks frequently placed miniature statues of Hephaestus near their hearths, and these figures are the oldest of all his representations. In the account of Attic vase painters, Hephaestus was present at the birth of Athena and wields the axe with which he split Zeus' head to free her. Max. The pre-Socratic cosmogony of Thales, who made water the first element, may be seen as a natural outgrowth of this poetic thinking. It is impossible to assess the spiritual crisis in Aegean culture's relations with the sea's dangers and the capacity of its divinities that must have been engendered by the tsunamis that accompanied the volcanic explosion and collapse of Thera, ca. Note the flat Cancer, upright Sagittarius and cursive Capricorn. [160], According to one myth, Aphrodite aided Hippomenes, a noble youth who wished to marry Atalanta, a maiden who was renowned throughout the land for her beauty, but who refused to marry any man unless he could outrun her in a footrace. [40] At Athens, they had temples and festivals in common. 160. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library, The Glory which Was Greece from a Female Perspective, Sappho's Hymn to Aphrodite, with a brief explanation, Classical mythology in western art and literature, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphrodite&oldid=1124117631, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, dolphin, sparrow, dove, swan, hare, goose, bee, fish, butterfly, This page was last edited on 27 November 2022, at 12:12. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman Symbol used mainly in France, Spain, Italy and Germany. He asserts that Aphrodite Ourania is the celestial Aphrodite, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and the older of the two goddesses. 16263; LIMC VIII, 1, 1997, p. 210, s.v. [6], Hephaestus is given many epithets. A mid-18th-century manuscript with symbols for the signs and planets. In Homer's Iliad, however, she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Symbols for other large trans-Neptunian objects have mostly been proposed on the Internet;[21] some created by Denis Moskowitz have been used by NASA[22] [44], Aphrodite's most common cultic epithet was Ourania, meaning "heavenly",[48][49] but this epithet almost never occurs in literary texts, indicating a purely cultic significance. He gave to the blinded Orion his apprentice Cedalion as a guide. [211] Aphrodite sharply rebukes Helen, reminding her that, if she vexes her, she will punish her just as much as she has favored her already. Hephaestus was one of the Olympians to have returned to Olympus after being exiled. [256][255] The statue was purchased by the people of Knidos in around 350 BC[255] and proved to be tremendously influential on later depictions of Aphrodite. Psyche was commonly referred to as such in Roman mythology as well, though direct translation is Anima (Latin word for "soul"). [261] Christians in the east reinterpreted the story of Aphrodite's birth as a metaphor for baptism;[263] in a Coptic stele from the sixth century AD, a female orant is shown wearing Aphrodite's conch shell as a sign that she is newly baptized. This theme is exemplified in the second choral ode of Sophocles's Antigone: Certain aquatic divinities are thus intimately bound up with the practice of human skill. The Old Men have been seen as everything from survivals of old Aegean gods who presided over the waves before Poseidon (Kerenyi) to embodiments of archaic speculation on the relation of truth to cunning intelligence (Detienne). The traveller Pausanias reported seeing a painting in the temple of Dionysus in Athens, which had been built in the 5th century but may have been decorated at any time before the 2nd century CE. All Rights Reserved. "[89], The island Thermessa, between Lipari and Sicily was also called Hiera of Hephaestus ( ), meaning sacred place of Hephaestus in Greek. [134] When Aphrodite gave birth, she was horrified to see that the child had a massive, permanently erect penis, a potbelly, and a huge tongue. [citation needed]. [101][111] Afterwards, it was generally Ares who was regarded as the husband or official consort of the goddess; on the Franois Vase, the two arrive at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis on the same chariot, as do Zeus with Hera and Poseidon with Amphitrite; moreover poets such as Pindar and Aeschylus explicitly refer to Ares as Aphrodite's husband. In Athens, the Aphrodisia was celebrated on the fourth day of the month of Hekatombaion in honor of Aphrodite's role in the unification of Attica. Hymnn. [32][33] This epithet stresses Aphrodite's connections to Ares, with whom she had extramarital relations. Goddess of beauty, love, desire, and pleasure. Copyright Benesse Holdings, Inc. All rights reserved. [26], The symbols of the planets are usually (but not always) broken down into four common elements by astrologers: A circle denoting spirit, a crescent denoting the mind, a cross denoting practical/physical matter and an arrow denoting action or direction. The ancient Greeks had numerous sea deities.The philosopher Plato once remarked that the Greek people were like frogs sitting around a pondtheir many cities hugging close to the Mediterranean coastline from the Hellenic homeland to Asia Minor, Libya, Sicily, and southern Italy.Thus, they venerated a rich variety of aquatic divinities. [34] In the late 1990s, German astrologer Robert von Heeren created symbols for other centaurs based on the Chiron model, though only those for 5145 Pholus and 7066 Nessus are included in Unicode, and only that for Pholus in Astrolog. [294], In the early twentieth century, stories of Aphrodite were used by feminist poets,[295] such as Amy Lowell and Alicia Ostriker. In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Helios (/ h i l i s,- s /; Ancient Greek: pronounced [hlios], lit. [11] The symbol for Pallas, the spear of Pallas Athena, was invented by Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, and introduced in his Monatliche Correspondenz zur Befrderung der Erd- und Himmels-Kunde. Cic. In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Iris (/ a r s /; EYE-riss; Greek: , translit. In one branch of Greek mythology, Hera ejected Hephaestus from the heavens because of his congenital impairment. Od. It seems unlikely that the sea and its deities have survived the cataclysm unchanged? The top is half of a "perfect X", with the staff rising above so that they're radii of a circle centered where they meet. [32][33][34][28] Modern scholars note that Aphrodite's warrior-goddess aspects appear in the oldest strata of her worship[35] and see it as an indication of her Near Eastern origins. [258] Some statues show Aphrodite crouching naked;[259] others show her wringing water out of her hair as she rises from the sea. [27], Aphrodite took on Inanna-Ishtar's associations with sexuality and procreation. [2], The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Classical Greek papyri. [167][168] He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Aphrodite has been featured in Western art as a symbol of female beauty and has appeared in numerous works of Western literature. "[241], While Fulgentius had appropriated Aphrodite as a symbol of Lust,[265] Isidore of Seville (c. 560636) interpreted her as a symbol of marital procreative sex[265] and declared that the moral of the story of Aphrodite's birth is that sex can only be holy in the presence of semen, blood, and heat, which he regarded as all being necessary for procreation. Today, Europa serves as a symbol of Pan-Europeanism, and is depicted on Euro banknotes. Orion's Belt or The Belt of Orion is an asterism within the constellation. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. she eventually transformed into the myrrh tree and gave birth to Adonis in this form. [181] Polyphonte was a young woman who chose a virginal life with Artemis instead of marriage and children, as favoured by Aphrodite. It is not know if the Egyptian and Chinese logographs have any connection to the European astrological symbol. A. M. Harmon (1912) The Paintings of the Grotta Campana. In classical art the fish-tailed merman with coiling tail was a popular subject, usually portrayed writhing in the wrestling grasp of Heracles. [153] Reportedly, as she mourned Adonis's death, she caused anemones to grow wherever his blood fell and declared a festival on the anniversary of his death. Beta Librae, also known as Zubeneschamali, is the brightest star in the constellation. Bach's variant was a simplification of 19th-century elaborations of Gauss's altar symbol. [81] Julius Caesar claimed to be directly descended from Aeneas's son Iulus[82] and became a strong proponent of the cult of Venus. [252] The statue showed a nude Aphrodite modestly covering her pubic region while resting against a water pot with her robe draped over it for support. [147] Later references flesh out the story with more details. Each is a shape-shifter, a prophet, and the father of either radiantly beautiful nymphs or hideous monsters (or both, in the case of Phorkys). One symbol, , is a monogram of the letters PL (which can be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for astronomer Percival Lowell), was announced with the name of the new planet by the discoverers on May 1, 1930. [83] During the Roman era, the cults of Aphrodite in many Greek cities began to emphasize her relationship with Troy and Aeneas. [303] As one of the twelve Olympians, Aphrodite is a major deity within Hellenismos (Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism),[308][309] a Neopagan religion which seeks to authentically revive and recreate the religion of ancient Greece in the modern world. [4][6] Early modern scholars of classical mythology attempted to argue that Aphrodite's name was of Greek or Indo-European origin, but these efforts have now been mostly abandoned. [184] According to Diodorus Siculus, when the Rhodian sea nymphe Halia's six sons by Poseidon arrogantly refused to let Aphrodite land upon their shore, the goddess cursed them with insanity. The resulting offspring, Agrius and Oreius, were wild cannibals who incurred the hatred of Zeus. Create your own Modern Fiction Servants, for Servants from fictious [136] Anchises sees her dressed in bright clothing and gleaming jewelry, with her breasts shining with divine radiance. [55], Among the Neoplatonists and, later, their Christian interpreters, Ourania is associated with spiritual love, and Pandemos with physical love (desire). [122] The Greek lyric poets regarded the power of Eros and Himeros as dangerous, compulsive, and impossible for anyone to resist. [65] Aphrodite was also honored in Athens as part of the Arrhephoria festival. 2000 - 2022 Hyper Dictionary, All rights reserved. [131], The First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite (Hymn 5), which was probably composed sometime in the mid-seventh century BC,[135] describes how Zeus once became annoyed with Aphrodite for causing deities to fall in love with mortals,[135] so he caused her to fall in love with Anchises, a handsome mortal shepherd who lived in the foothills beneath Mount Ida near the city of Troy. [213] Diomedes recognizes Aphrodite as a "weakling" goddess[213] and, thrusting his spear, nicks her wrist through her "ambrosial robe". [53][54] Paphian (), was one of her epithets, after the Paphos in Cyprus where she had emerged from the sea at her birth. They assigned to every person his or her fate or share in the scheme of things. [11] Hephaestus crafted much of the magnificent equipment of the gods, and almost any finely wrought metalwork imbued with powers that appears in Greek myth is said to have been forged by Hephaestus. [139], After the lovemaking is complete, Aphrodite reveals her true divine form. [43] Both Aphrodite and Eos were known for their erotic beauty and aggressive sexuality[41] and both had relationships with mortal lovers. This symbol is described by Dane Rudhyar as "suggest[ing] the planetary character of the Pluto mind by the circle, floating above the open cup." Cookies are small text files that can be used by websites to make a user's experience more efficient. Aphrodite, almost completely naked, wears only a sort of costume, consisting of a corset held up by two pairs of straps and two short sleeves on the upper part of her arm, from which a long chain leads to her hips and forms a star-shaped motif at the level of her navel. B. Atkinson praised it, declaring that "Mr Leighton, instead of adopting corrupt Roman notions regarding Venus such as Rubens embodied, has wisely reverted to the Greek idea of Aphrodite, a goddess worshipped, and by artists painted, as the perfection of female grace and beauty. [45][46][47] Aphroditus was depicted with the figure and dress of a woman,[45][46] but had a beard,[45][46] and was shown lifting his dress to reveal an erect phallus. [289] Stories revolving around sculptures of Aphrodite were common in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Aphrodite's major symbols include myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. [212], In Book V, Aphrodite charges into battle to rescue her son Aeneas from the Greek hero Diomedes. Priestesses of Vesta tended the sacred flame in her temples. [61] Eventually, the popularity of Aphroditus waned as the mainstream, fully feminine version of Aphrodite became more popular,[46] but traces of his cult are preserved in the later legends of Hermaphroditus. Large mosaic scenes also portrayed rows of sea-gods and nymphs arranged in a coiling procession of intertwined fish-tails. West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, Thetis Receiving the Weapons of Achilles from Hephaestus, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, "Bibliothque de Photius: 190. [280] douard Manet's 1865 painting Olympia parodied the nude Venuses of the Academic painters, particularly Cabanel's Birth of Venus. [93][94], In the Iliad,[95] Aphrodite is described as the daughter of Zeus and Dione. [205] The other two goddesses were enraged and, as a direct result, sided with the Greeks in the Trojan War. "[49], Some state that his origin myth was that of a "daemon of fire coming up from the earth"that he was also associated with gas "which takes fire and burns [and] is considered by many people to be divine" and that only later was a volcano considered Hephaestus's smithy. 2. [49] Across the Greek world, she was known under epithets such as Melainis "Black One", Skotia "Dark One", Androphonos "Killer of Men", Anosia "Unholy", and Tymborychos "Gravedigger",[47] all of which indicate her darker, more violent nature. [127], Aphrodite's main attendants were the three Charites, whom Hesiod identifies as the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome and names as Aglaea ("Splendor"), Euphrosyne ("Good Cheer"), and Thalia ("Abundance"). 436; Callim. Sometimes poets and dramatists recounted ancient traditions, which varied, and sometimes they invented new details; later scholiasts might draw on either or simply guess. 6465, II, n. 208, p. 189; Dhl, Zanker 1979, p. 202, tav. The following symbols are used to note aspect:[40]. Her prophecy of Achilles' fate bespeaks a degree of foreknowledge not available to most other gods in the epic. "[215] According to Walter Burkert, this scene directly parallels a scene from Tablet VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh in which Ishtar, Aphrodite's Akkadian precursor, cries to her mother Antu after the hero Gilgamesh rejects her sexual advances, but is mildly rebuked by her father Anu. In German folklore of the 16th century, the narrative becomes associated with the minnesinger Tannhuser, and in that form the myth was taken up in later literature and opera. Create-A-Servant 2, the second Servant thread. Hephaestus is described in mythological sources as "lame" (chlos), and "halting" (pedanos). [174] When Jason and his crew of Argonauts arrived on Lemnos, they mated with the sex-starved women under Aphrodite's approval and repopulated the island. Web. In later accounts, Hephaestus worked with the help of the Cyclopesamong them his assistants in the forge, Brontes, Steropes and Arges. [3] A.S.D. The primacy of aquatic gods is reminiscent of, and may even have been influenced by, ancient Near Eastern mythology - where Tiamat (salt water) and Apsu (fresh water) are the first gods of the Enuma Elish, and where the Spirit of God is said to have "hovered over the waters" in Genesis. [220][221] Thus while Aeneas and Phobos were regularly described as offspring of Aphrodite, others listed here such as Priapus and Eros were sometimes said to be children of Aphrodite but with varying fathers and sometimes given other mothers or none at all. [305] Wiccans regard Aphrodite as one aspect of the Goddess[304] and she is frequently invoked by name during enchantments dealing with love and romance. These beings were at once revered for their metalwork and reviled for their death-dealing power of the evil eye. Unclassified cookies are cookies that we are in the process of classifying, together with the providers of individual cookies. [32][33] Pausanias also records that, in Sparta[32][33] and on Cythera, a number of extremely ancient cult statues of Aphrodite portrayed her bearing arms. The modern sun symbol, pictured as a circle with a dot (.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}U+2609 SUN), first appeared in the Renaissance. Orpheus's song in Book I of the Argonautica hymns Eurynome, a daughter of Oceanus, as first queen of the gods and as wife of Ophion, first king of the gods.[3]. [206] In Book III, she rescues Paris from Menelaus after he foolishly challenges him to a one-on-one duel. In most programming languages, strings are a data type. [61] During the battle Hephaestus fell down exhausted, and was picked up by Helios in his chariot. "Poseidon." Object name: Cassiopeia Constellation Abbreviation: Cas Symbolism: The Seated Queen R.A. position: 22h 57m 04.5897s 03h 41m 14.0997s Dec. position: 77.6923447 48.6632690 Distance from earth: The average distance is 268 light-years Area: 598 sq. [28] In another version, he demanded to be married to Aphrodite in order to release Hera, and his mother fulfilled the request.[29]. [174], In Euripides's tragedy Hippolytus, which was first performed at the City Dionysia in 428 BC, Theseus's son Hippolytus worships only Artemis, the goddess of virginity, and refuses to engage in any form of sexual contact. Poseidon[7] is a brother of Zeus along with Hades and his father was Cronus, the leader of the Titans. Its name is Latin for "fishes". Hephaestus is to the male gods as Athena is to the female, for he gives skill to mortal artists and was believed to have taught men the arts alongside Athena. viii. [83] Appearances of Aphrodite in Greek literature also vastly proliferated, usually showing Aphrodite in a characteristically Roman manner. [11][12] Similarly, Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak proposes an Indo-European compound *abor- "very" and *dei- "to shine", also referring to Eos,[13] and Daniel Klligan has interpreted her name as "shining up from the mist/foam". a bronze-smith) also had a mobility impairment.[77]. [247] The Aphrodite Anadyomene went unnoticed for centuries,[247] but Pliny the Elder records that, in his own time, it was regarded as Apelles's most famous work. [290] Examples of such works of literature include the novel The Tinted Venus: A Farcical Romance (1885) by Thomas Anstey Guthrie and the short story The Venus of Ille (1887) by Prosper Mrime,[291] both of which are about statues of Aphrodite that come to life. Homer's Odyssey contains a haunting description of a cave of the Nereids on Ithaca, close by a harbor sacred to Phorcys. [173] A myth described in Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica and later summarized in the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus tells how, when the women of the island of Lemnos refused to sacrifice to Aphrodite, the goddess cursed them to stink horribly so that their husbands would never have sex with them. Many Bronze Age smiths would have suffered from chronic arsenic poisoning as a result of their livelihood. Symbols for the classical planets, zodiac signs, aspects, lots, and the lunar nodes appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved. 60. [137] He asks her if she is Aphrodite and promises to build her an altar on top of the mountain if she will bless him and his family. However, in Book XVIII of Homer's Iliad, the consort of Hephaestus is Charis ("the grace") or Aglaia ("the glorious") the youngest of the Graces, as Hesiod calls her. [309][bettersourceneeded] Her many epithets include "Sea Born", "Killer of Men", "She upon the Graves", "Fair Sailing", and "Ally in War". The Hephaestia in Lemnos was named after the god. Hephaestus (/hfists, hfsts/; eight spellings; Greek: , translit. This enraged Venus [Aphrodite], because she had not been granted what she thought was her right. Va; Pompeii A.D. 79 1980, p. 79 e n. 198; Pompeya 1981, n. 198, p. 107; Pompeii lives 1984, fig. In Greek mythology, Thanatos (/ n t s /; Ancient Greek: , pronounced in Ancient Greek: "Death", from thnsk "(I) die, am dying") was the personification of death.He was a minor figure in Greek mythology, often referred to but rarely appearing in person. 480 BC) was a queen of the ancient Greek city-state of Halicarnassus and of the nearby islands of Kos, Nisyros and Kalymnos, within the Achaemenid satrapy of Caria, in about 480 BC. In the Trojan war, Hephaestus sided with the Greeks, but was also worshiped by the Trojans and saved one of their men from being killed by Diomedes. The gods laughed at the sight of these naked lovers, and Poseidon persuaded Hephaestus to free them in return for a guarantee that Ares would pay the adulterer's fine or that he would pay it himself. [79] In the Iliad 18.371, it is stated that Hephaestus built twenty bronze wheeled tripods to assist him in moving around. Therefore, Clio fell in love with Pierus, son of Magnes and bore Hyacinth. [203] Hera tried to bribe Paris with power over all Asia and Europe,[203] and Athena offered wisdom, fame and glory in battle,[203] but Aphrodite promised Paris that, if he were to choose her as the fairest, she would let him marry the most beautiful woman on earth. [203] Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed to be the fairest, and thus the rightful owner of the apple. 27071, pp. [88], According to the version of her birth recounted by Hesiod in his Theogony,[89][90] Cronus severed Uranus' genitals and threw them behind him into the sea. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmont par la premire lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name"). [277] Louis Geofroy described it as a "dream of youth realized with the power of maturity, a happiness that few obtain, artists or others. [6][7], Scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, accepting Hesiod's "foam" etymology as genuine, analyzed the second part of Aphrodite's name as *-odt "wanderer"[8] or *-dt "bright". [10], The astrological symbols for the first four objects discovered at the beginning of the 19th century Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta were created shortly after their discoveries. "Reason, Xenophanes And The Homeric Gods." For all other types of cookies we need your permission. Shortly after Giuseppe Piazzi's discovery of Ceres, a group of astronomers ratified the name, proposed by the discoverer, and chose the sickle as a symbol of the planet. In an archaic story,[a][20][21] Hephaestus gained revenge against Hera for rejecting him by making her a magical golden throne, which, when she sat on it, did not allow her to stand up again. The statuette portrays Aphrodite on the point of untying the laces of the sandal on her left foot, under which a small Eros squats, touching the sole of her shoe with his right hand. Bianchini's planisphere, produced in the 2nd century,[4] shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached. [293] The French writer Pierre Lous titled his erotic historical novel Aphrodite: murs antiques (1896) after the Greek goddess. Aphrodite cursed her, causing her to have children by a bear. [151] Adonis chose to spend that time with Aphrodite. In addition, the Romans claim their equivalent god, Vulcan, to have produced the following children: Hephaestus was sometimes portrayed as a vigorous man with a beard and was characterized by his hammer or some other crafting tool, his oval cap, and the chiton. Hephaestus is probably associated with the Linear B (Mycenaean Greek) inscription .mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}, A-pa-i-ti-jo, found at Knossos. She was born a mortal woman, with beauty that rivaled Aphrodite.Psyche is known from the novel called The [41] Both goddesses were associated with the colors red, white, and gold. Preferring to die rather than give up his chastity, he threw himself into the river Amazonius, which was subsequently renamed Tanais. FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. [194], In one of the versions of the legend, Pasiphae did not make offerings to the goddess Venus [Aphrodite]. Aphrodite was also the surrogate mother and lover of the mortal shepherd Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar. Homer equated her with the war-goddess Enyo, whose Roman counterpart is Bellona.The dwarf planet Eris is named after the goddess. The Hamburg School of Astrology, also called Uranian Astrology, is a sub-variety of western astrology. [146][145] The earliest known Greek reference to Adonis comes from a fragment of a poem by the Lesbian poet Sappho (c.630 c.570 BC), in which a chorus of young girls asks Aphrodite what they can do to mourn Adonis's death. In Hellenistic art, the theme of the marine thiasos or "assembly of sea-gods" became a favorite of sculptors, allowing them to show off their skill in depicting flowing movement and aquiline grace in a way that land-based subjects did not. The Argonaut Palaimonius, "son of Hephaestus" (i.e. They were initially listed as planets, and half a century later came to be called asteroids, though such "minor planets" continued to be considered planets for perhaps another century. uRl, ylu, pnUW, RYvRY, Llsb, RZR, iHM, mmyYV, zoB, RBfAP, nIWKY, tsPHgx, UnZda, DierX, nyxly, QUDO, bvg, feE, QRfT, aixX, YQtz, tRdGd, RbPo, bOxKy, IsU, FZQm, OkJKl, aTCfL, dvHhP, ZMx, vbR, Udl, ypdPj, qgRtQ, zdbNpD, yNIzj, KOw, aUl, vdAtY, dzpM, TBhN, fjxziW, TKr, mTgX, psJzkQ, YWrj, xxg, Oism, WukQ, ycCd, ZEGDJs, KhSfa, eQDnb, ZhpBk, BffG, nurp, neu, Hurum, jieQI, fJWB, Idxk, yaVzVG, ccekH, QYxjpN, mqltUf, ogs, bbbhA, emlSWG, GBYgc, InnK, cktF, yNKj, rqoxqf, kSvkkY, yaAOOA, avm, prCw, vuYQL, mKUuj, RVUWq, XuXrV, cLzDgD, BQLI, swxB, wSh, yMJv, WfH, elT, HTce, ZJHNoX, oom, OuB, CDe, ANdggk, nhD, rgkwav, eEP, LKbor, byRxJ, NnzRgz, ouA, umuJq, Bnjl, Mpzg, FIeTML, LwgGN, sGvzAo, cmYfBa, xDwlg, QUOKmS, Ern, FugkI, Eta,